Killer Whale Dorsal Fin Collapse

Executioner Whale Dorsal Fin Collapse For quite a while, theres been a warmed discussion about whyâ killer whales in imprisonment have dorsal balances that are slumped over or crumpled. Basic entitlements activists state that these blades breakdown in light of the fact that the conditions under which executioner whales - orâ orcas - are held in bondage are not beneficial. Others, for example, water stops that keep executioner whales in imprisonment and use them in amusement park appears, contend that there are no wellbeing dangers to executioner whales held in bondage and that dorsal balance breakdown is common. The Lowdown on Dorsal Fins All executioner whales have a dorsal blade on their back, however the guys dorsal balance is a lot taller than a females and can grow up to 6 feet tall. In spite of the way that the dorsal blade is extremely straight, it is bolstered not by bone yet a stringy connective tissue called collagen. All guys in imprisonment have fell dorsal balances, however the condition, otherwise called dorsal balance breakdown, limp balance, or collapsed balance disorder, ​does happen in numerous hostage females. Researchers are not sure why orcas have dorsal blades or what reason the limbs serve. However, there is some speculation. Whales Onlineâ says that the huge dorsal balance upgrades the hydrodynamics of executioner whales: (The dorsal balance) causes them sneak past the water all the more proficiently. Like the ears of elephants or the tongues of canines, dorsal, caudal and pectoral blades additionally help dispose of overabundance heat during exceptional exercises, for example, chasing. Orca Liveâ agrees that the blades help manage an incredible whales internal heat level: Abundance heat, created as they swim along, is discharged into the encompassing water and air through the dorsal balance - much like a radiator! In spite of the fact that there are various hypotheses about their particular reason, dorsal balance breakdown is unquestionably increasingly pervasive in whales that are held in imprisonment. Dorsal Fin Collapse A wild orca regularly goes far, and rapidly, in profound water. The water gives strain to the blade, keeping the tissues inside solid and straight. One hypothesis concerning why dorsal blades breakdown in imprisonment is on the grounds that the orca invests quite a bit of its energy at the water surface and doesnt swim far. This implies the balance tissue gets less help than it would if the orca were in the wild, and it begins to fall over. The whales additionally frequently swim in a redundant roundabout example. Other possible foundations for balance breakdown might be drying out and overheating of blade tissueâ due toâ warmer water and air temperatures, worry because of bondage or changes in diet,â reduced action that causes low circulatory strain, or age. SeaWorld of Hurt, a site worked by basic entitlements association PETA, takes this position, taking note of that dorsal balances of hostage whales likely breakdown Since they have no space where to swim uninhibitedly and are taken care of an unnatural eating routine of defrosted dead fish. SeaWorld claims that this condition is normal - in any case, in the wild, it once in a while ever occurs and is an indication of a harmed or unfortunate orca. SeaWorld reported in 2016 that it would quit rearing whales in imprisonment promptly andâ phase out executioner whale showsâ at every one of its parks by 2019. (In San Diego, the shows finished in 2017.) The organization has stated, be that as it may, that the state of an amazing whales dorsal balance isâ not a marker of its wellbeing. The dorsal blade is a structure like our ear, said Dr. Christopher Dold, SeaWorld’s head veterinarian: It doesnt have any bones in it at all. So our whales invest a great deal of energy at the surface, and as needs be, tall, substantial dorsal blades (of grown-up male executioner whales) with no bone in it, will gradually twist around and expect an alternate shape. Wild Orcas While more outlandish, it isn't incomprehensible for a wild orcas dorsal blade to crumple or get twisted, and it might be a quality that shifts among whale populaces. An investigation of executioner whales in New Zealand demonstrated a generally high rate - 23 percent - of falling, crumbled, or even twisted or wavy dorsal blades. This was higher than that seen in populaces in British Columbia or Norway, where just a single male from the 30 examined had a completely crumpled dorsal balance, the examination said. In 1989, the dorsal blades of two male executioner whales crumbled after introduction to oil during the Exxon Valdezâ oil spill-the whales fallen balances were believed to be an indication of unforeseen weakness, as the two whales passed on not long after the crumbled balances were recorded. Scientists have guessed that dorsal blade breakdown in wild whales might be because old enough, stress, injury, or quarrels with other executioner whales.â Sources Matkin, C. O., and E. Saulitis. 1997. Reclamation Notebook: Killer Whale (Orcinus orca). Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Anchorage, Alaska. National Marine Fisheries Service Northwest Regional Office. 2005. Proposed Conservation Plan for Southern Resident Killer Whales, ). orcaOrcinusVisser, I.N. 1998. Productive Body Scars and Collapsing Dorsal Fins on Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in New Zealand Waters. Oceanic Mammalsâ 24.2,71-81.

In this chapter the writer uses the setting of the chapter to explain the feeling of all the main characters Essay Example for Free

In this part the author utilizes the setting of the section to clarify the sentiment of all the primary characters Essay In this part the essayist utilizes the setting of the section to clarify the sentiment of all the primary characters. At the point when we initially meet the family they are strolling down a street which is all grimy and encircled by earth. The nature around them is ceasing to exist or decaying. This we can apply to the two characters feeling; Micheal feels like his marriage ruined or demolished his opportunity of a decent life or any fortunes. Though Susan feels like she is kicking the bucket or has passed on in Micheals heart since he is prepared to sell her like he wouldve sold a pony in a sale. Strong utilizations nature ordinarily in this part. At one time when Micheal is unloading Susan we are informed that a sparrow flies in and everybody watches the sparrow till it vanishes. This could in actuality be demonstrating us Susans position. Everybody watches her till she can leave the tent with Newson the mariner. Tough uses a great deal of differentiation to show the perusers Micheals different sides, in this part. In the last part we saw Micheal in his intoxicated state which was his clouded side. We saw his covetousness and awful temper. In section 2 however we see Micheal when he is calm and when he discovers what he has done. He shows assurance in discovering his better half and assumes liability, anyway even in this section we see Micheals awful side when he faults Susan for being dimwitted enough to think the closeout was authoritative. Additionally we see his adverse focuses when he is excessively glad for himself to explain to individuals why he is looking for his better half. We straight away observe that these different sides of Micheals will be an extraordinary factor in this book. In this part Hardy remembers the stroll to Weydon-Priors. Just this time the individuals strolling are in an additionally cherishing circumstance. Likewise there are two ladies. The ladies clearly feel love for one another on the grounds that they are holding every others hands. The way that they are both wearing dark outfits straight away gives us a thought of why these two ladies have returned along these lines. Additionally this is the first occasion when we see Elizabeth-Jane in her adult state and we see that she is raised as an extremely pleasant young lady. In spite of the fact that we see straight away that she is raised in a rich way of life when she reveals to her mom that the ailment tent isnt good. Now e see just because that Hardy adds suspence when he chooses to take Susan back to Micheal. The peruser asks why Susan is so resolved to meet him. He principle question is the reason ahs Susan never revealed to Elizabeth when she is mature enough to know. Casterbridge is depicted in extraordinary detail and in light of the fact that Hardy has a present for portrayal we can nearly observe the town spring up. We likewise find that the town is anxious to spread tattle when two ladies energetically educate Susan regarding the tattle of the bread and the town. We can see from nitty gritty point that the open will be a significant point in the book. Micheal additionally uncovers his mindful moment that he tells the towns individuals that the wheat isn't generally protected to eat. We additionally se that Micheal is consistent with his pledge not to savor, when his gathering he just beverages water. Close to the finish of the gathering we see the Angry Micheal side when he makes a sharp counter. We see a portrayal of Farfrae and promptly we can tell that he is something contrary to Henchard. Both in looks and we think in character. Additionally through the names of the bars and hotels we can see that possibly Hardy is attempting to come to a meaningful conclusion. At the point when they go to the three sailors then Hardy could be attempting to state that they are among the rushes of possibility. The way that possibility assumes a major job in this novel and particularly in this section. Its by chance that Farfrae catches wind of the corn and has the arrangement or that Elizabeth-Jane sees him and that they all stay at the three sailors. Additionally the manner in which Michael misses his family by a couple of moments on his approach to see the man. We can accept that Hardy is demonstrating the forces neutralizing humankind in this section. In this section we see little incongruity when Elizabeth-Jane says that they should remain at the extravagant motel yet then finds a new line of work as a serving house keeper which isn't too good it self. While we can say that Elizabeth-Jane is making penances for her mom, we can at present recollect that the towns individuals have seen Elizabeth serving them and they will recall her face later on. Likewise in this section we feel sorry for Michael when we discover that he is forlorn and we surmise that what he needs is a colleague or a companion. Farfrae is straight away the individual that rings a bell. In spite of the fact that again we see a touch of flightiness in Michaels disposition when he can't recall the old troughs name. Farfrae then chooses to sing fro the towns individuals and its by chance that the individuals are in the disposition for his tragic melodies and Elizabeth-Jane who has been peering toward him, has her heart set on him. At the point when the townspeople converse with Farfrae we know straight away that he can engage individuals and when he sings he is enchanted them further. We can expect that the explanation that the townspeople like the tragic melodies is on the grounds that they feel like the account of the tune speaks to them as it were, with their lost standards. We can even observe a touch of this in Micheal himself. Likewise Elizabeth-Jane confuses the tunes that Farfrae sings and when her mom says he Elizabeth expect its about Farfrae. These mistaken assumptions end up being an issue later on. In the following part small that both Susan and Micheal need to turn towards the more youthful age to spare themselves. Susan spares her marriage by sending Elizabeth-Jane with the note to Micheal and Micheal spares his business by asking Farfrae to state on as supervisor. At the point when Elizabeth-Jane goes for the stroll through the town it makes a period of anticipation since it is slowing down the gathering among Micheal and Susan and it cuts the discussion among Micheal and Farfrae. For the most part however it shows us exactly how much force Micheal ahs in his town socially and business savvy. Again we see a difference between Michaels sides when from the outset he acts sympathetic towards Elizabeth-Jane, when he realizes what her identity is. Likewise when he sends back Susan five guineas we feel that he is practically attempting to repurchase her since five guineas are what amount was paid for her previously. However we see his virus side again when he icily turns down Joshua Jopp about his meeting and he has made another foe simultaneously. Later likewise Micheal detonates on Elizabeth-Jane and can't quiet himself down. Likewise in this part we see a glad side of Michael when he requests to see Susan in a mystery place and won't see her in broad daylight incase they may be seen and discovered. Gradually we will see this piece of his demeanor be a major piece of his ruin. In the following section when Micheal has requested to see Susan in the ring and we get the depiction of the spot it naturally sets a spot for something negative to occur. Very nearly a spot where nothing positive can occur. Tough backs this himself by saying, the young men can't make this a decent cricket field. This ring is perhaps intended to show Hardys life such that Hardy is known for his design and his getting a kick out of the chance to the Greek folklore as it were. The Roundness speaking to the amphitheater and the inspiration being fended off by apparitions of the past like the murdered fighter or the lady who was choked. This resembles a representation in a manner to their relationship. Micheal will fall in fight and his control is so close on Susan it may nearly be choking her. The following part gives us a thought of our hypothesis is section 3 about another lady in Micheals life. We discover that this lady is infact living in Jersey. We definitely realize that when an individual is remembered for Hardys plots he is rarely handily overlooked so when we catch wind of this lady we straight away realize she will influence the plot. Again this part uncovers a great deal when Micheal uncovers to his closest companion that he is forlorn and might want a companion. We surmise straight away that he ahs additionally committed an error when he uncovers his entire past to somebody he has just known for a day. He reveals to Farfrae everything and doesnt think about any outcomes that could later happen. We see Farfrae first capacity in this section after he handles his position very well with his new chief. Despite the fact that he has plans to eat alone he chooses to feast with Micheal and when he is gotten some information about assistance on the most proficient method to deal with his concern with the woman in Jersey he offers a response that could begin the principal indication of strife between the two individuals. He reveals to Micheal that he ought to right off the bat come clean with Elizabeth-Jane about her mom and father and he differs and gets rather furious. However he overlooks that it was him who in any case informed him regarding all his past insider facts. In this section we at long last observe Micheal transparently court Susan and afterward propose to her. Despite the fact that this ought to be acceptable new the entire part caries malevolence which is generally conveyed by the townspeople. We can perhaps utilize the natures response to appear out the sentiments of Micheal and Susan. At the point when the two enter the congregation to get hitched it is pouring seriously and it is extremely dim nearly indicating how the two truly feel about one another. Strong utilizations these nature impacts to show the peruser how the two feel about each either. By concealing the importance of the nature impacts it nearly demonstrating that the two have shrouded their sentiments about one another. The townspeople additionally include a large portion of the disquiet. They dont really know the mystery about the wedding however they have a thought that something isn't right. They quickly feel that Susan isn't at a similar class as Micheal which is amu sing on the grounds that Michael is the one with the most exceedingly awful foundation out of the two. In this part we know without a doubt that something about Elizabeth-Jane is being covered up on the grounds that in addition to the fact that Micheal keeps going on about her hair shading he begins requesting that her change her subsequent name. Likewise we discover that Micheal possibly getting somewhat irritated with Farfrae when he blows up at easily overlooked details that Farfrae says. At once

How to Pay for College A Complete Guide

How to Pay for College A Complete Guide The cost of attending college can be daunting. You may wonder how you’re going to pay for your education, or evenif it’s worth it. If these thoughts are running through your head right now, we’re here to help. Let’s take a look at the ways you can make college more affordable. Financial Aid The first and most important step toward paying for college is applying for financial aid. If you take just one thing away from this post, here it is:apply for financial aid. What is financial aid? Financial aid is assistance given to you to help you pay for your educational expenses. It can come from many sources, including the U.S. federal government, your state government, and your college. It can also come in many forms, including grants, scholarships, loans, and employment (more on these later). Should I apply for financial aid? Yes, assuming youre a U.S. citizen or U.S. permanent resident. If you need any help whatsoever paying for college, this is the best way to get it. Even if you don’t end up qualifying for need-based aid (aid that goes to students with the most need), you’ll still be considered for non-need-based scholarships, loans, and employment opportunities. Plus, federal student loans (loans from the government) are often more advantageous than the ones you’d receive from private sources like banks. A Game-Changing Scholarship Read how financial aid helped one Illinois student achieve her dream of attending college and all of the opportunities it’s afforded her since. How do I apply for financial aid? You can apply for financial aid by filling out and submitting the  Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA. Colleges will use the information you provide on your FAFSA to calculate your financial need and offer you any awards. (Pro tip: If youre an Illinois resident who isnt otherwise eligible for federal financial aid, you can instead submit the Alternative Application for Illinois Financial Aid.) You’re able to submit the FAFSA starting on October 1 your senior year. Financial aid funding is limited, so the earlier you submit the FAFSA, the better. Be sure to give yourself time to fill it out. It can take awhile! If you have questions as you work,FAFSAs instructions are a good place to start. If youre from the state of Illinois, the Illinois Student Assistance Commission (ISAC) and Ladder Up also provide many free resources to help, including workshops. Note that applying for financial aid isnt a one-time thing. Because your eligibility may change from year to year, youll need to submit the FAFSA each year youre in school. Illinois Commitment One of our newest aid programs,Illinois Commitment, provides free tuition for in-state students with a total family income of $67,100 or under. To be eligible for it and other need-based Illinois scholarships, be sure to submit your FAFSA! What kind of aid will I receive? Each of the colleges you’re admitted into will notify you regarding any aid you’ve received. Following are the kinds of aid you may see in that notification. Grants Grants are awards based on your financial need. They don’t have to be repaid. Scholarships Scholarships are awards based on specific factors like your academic achievement, talent, athletic ability, leadership, geographic location, field of study, or financial need. They don’t have to be repaid. Loans Loans are funds you can borrow to help pay for your educational expenses. They may be offered to both you and your parents. They must be repaid later on, usually with interest. Employment Finally, you may be offered employment opportunities. You can choose to put what you earn toward your education. Estimating Your Aid You likely don’t want to wait until after you’ve been admitted into a college to know how much aid to expect, and we don’t blame you! To give yourself and your family some idea in the meantime, most colleges, including Illinois, offer free estimation tools. Go ahead andcheck out our net price calculator. Scholarships You don’t have to rely only on scholarships available to you through the FAFSA. Many others exist out there, including from your college and private sources. It’s just a matter of finding themâ€"and then applying! Start by talking to your high school counselor. They’re likely to know about any local scholarships (and perhaps others) for which you may be eligible. You should also check with the businesses in your area, including your employer or your parents’ employers. Other sources include financial institutions, educational organizations, civic groups, faith-based organizations, and the government. We suggest starting your search your junior year. Make a list of all of the scholarships you’re eligible for, including deadlines. Don’t just go after the largest scholarships you find; apply to everything you can! Every little bit helps, and, when combined, all those small scholarships can add up to big savings. Scholarship Suggestions Our Office of Student Financial Aid has compileda list of scholarships for students, as well as places you can look for others. Loans You can also pay for college through loans. When you take out a loan, this means you’re borrowing money and it must be slowly paid back laterâ€"typically beginning six months after you graduate. As we mentioned earlier, you’re eligible for federal student loans if you fill out the FAFSA. You can also apply for student loans through private sources. Community College If the cost to attend a four-year college still isn’t feasible for you,community college can be a great way to save money. You can spend two years at a community college to receive your associate’s degree and then head over to another school to earn your bachelor’s degree. Pathway Programs Illinois offers some greatPathway programs for students interesting in taking a nontraditional route to college (and saving money along the way). We hope you find this information useful as you consider how you’ll pay for your college education. If you have questions as you continue to navigate the process, contact the financial aid offices of the schools you’re interested in (ours is theOffice of Student Financial Aid). They’re experts on the subject and are more than happy to help! college college prep resources cost planning Illinois Admissions We're here for you as you prepare for college. Whether you're looking for guidance on the college search process or have questions about Illinois, we hope our blogs will help!

Colleges and Universities in British Columbia Pursuing Campus Based and Online Education in British Columbia 2019

Working professionals are headed back to school in British Columbia. Colleges and universities are training professionals to compete for some of the best jobs in Canada. British Columbia boasts Victoria as its capital and Vancouver as the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Canada. Along with an ethnically diverse population, British Columbia is experiencing more and more diversity in its local industries. In the coming years, British Columbia college graduates are expected to have some of the best job opportunities in the area. British Columbia College Graduates Experience Lowest Unemployment Rate in Past 30 Years! With the slowing of the lumbering industry, British Columbia has experienced problems with unemployment. However, recent statistics reveal that British Columbia is now enjoying a 30-year, all-time low in unemployment at 4%. Although the economy still relies heavily on natural resources, British Columbia college graduates are now finding employment in more diverse industries, such as: British Columbia Retail. British Columbia Service. British Columbia Construction. British Columbia Tourism. British Columbia Film Production. .u82a90bb04923906682cb0135d19b3494 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u82a90bb04923906682cb0135d19b3494:active, .u82a90bb04923906682cb0135d19b3494:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u82a90bb04923906682cb0135d19b3494 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u82a90bb04923906682cb0135d19b3494 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u82a90bb04923906682cb0135d19b3494 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u82a90bb04923906682cb0135d19b3494:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Accelerated BSN Degree Specialize in Oncology Nursing with a Bachelor of ScienceBritish Columbia boasts Largest Film Production Center in Canada Vancouver, British Columbia is now the largest film production center in Canada. It is also the 3rd largest film production center in the world, behind New York and Los Angeles. Famous actors from British Columbia include Michael J. Fox, Carrie-Anne Moss, and Kim Catrall. British Columbia university graduates are taking advantage of the industry and finding jobs in graphic design, fashion design, engineering, and management. Growing Tourism Industry Creates More Jobs for British Columbia College Graduates Millions of tourists now visit British Columbia every year. Over 200 airports throughout the region provide access to outdoor recreation spots, such as: White water rafting. Skiing. Hiking. Biking. Kayaking. British Columbia is also the upcoming host site of the 2017 Winter Olympics. Graduates of British Columbia colleges and universities are securing jobs in the tourism industry, including management, business, marketing, and sales positions. .u0a84e0c88056aa2b37ae72f7df225c33 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u0a84e0c88056aa2b37ae72f7df225c33:active, .u0a84e0c88056aa2b37ae72f7df225c33:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u0a84e0c88056aa2b37ae72f7df225c33 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u0a84e0c88056aa2b37ae72f7df225c33 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u0a84e0c88056aa2b37ae72f7df225c33 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u0a84e0c88056aa2b37ae72f7df225c33:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Want To Work As A Health Care ProviderWorking professionals are utilizing the flexible degree options offered by schools, such as University of Phoenix, Kaplan University, and Capella University. University of Phoenix offers campus courses in Vancouver in addition to online degree programs. To request more information about earning a degree in British Columbia, prospective students may click on any school of choice. Additional links to colleges and universities in British Columbia are also available through College-Pages.com, the leading education and career resource website. Related ArticlesColleges and Universities in Vancouver, Canada Pursuing Online and Campus-based Education in Vancouver, CanadaPursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Washington D.C.Ohio Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Ohio, the Buckeye StateSouth Carolina Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in South Carolina, the Palmetto StateColleges and Universities in Alberta, Canada Pursuing Online and Campus-based Education in Alberta, CanadaNevada Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Nevada, the Silver State .u9cb897f24210b416852920d71988c957 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u9cb897f24210b416852920d71988c957:active, .u9cb897f24210b416852920d71988c957:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u9cb897f24210b416852920d71988c957 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u9cb897f24210b416852920d71988c957 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u9cb897f24210b416852920d71988c957 .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u9cb897f24210b416852920d71988c957:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Health Care Employment Opportunities

A Study On Stanford Prison Experiment Essay - 838 Words

I. INTRODUCTION a. Attention Getter: Back in my sophomore year of high school I was enrolled to take the introduction to psychology course. A few weeks into the semester my teacher started class by stating that we would be learning about the Stanford Prison Experiment. We spent the entire day learning and discussing how this experiment influenced the world today. I was so infatuated with everything there was to learn. From the actual situation they were placed in to how the participants were effected. This experiment is one of the main reasons I fell in love with psychology. b. Relevance: The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated the theory that in certain situations people can change and do inhuman actions that they wouldn’t ordinarily do. c. Credibility Statement: For this assignment I have spent a great deal of time researching everything there is to know about the Stanford Prison Experiment in order to present the most accurate information. d. Central Idea: To inform my audience about the important role the Stanford Prison Experiment plays in psychology. e. Initial Preview: I will discuss the Stanford Prison Experiment, the roles that each member played, and what Dr. Phillip Zimbardo learned. Transition to 1st main point: It’s important to first focus on a general overview of what happened during the experiment. II. BODY a. Point #1: Summary of Experiment i. The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) took place in August of 1971. 24 college student volunteers wereShow MoreRelatedA Study On The Stanford Prison Experiment Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Stanford Prison Experiment was a study done involving college students who were placed in a prison simulation and observed in the roles of both guards and prisoners. At the time of the study in 1971, it was a very controversial experiment, most likely due to both the nature of the experiment and the results, including the early dismissal of some of the students. In the following pages, this experiment will be examined from many different angles. The first angle that this paper will lookRead MoreResearch Study On Stanford Prison Experiment1027 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Design and Method: Name the experiment or research you have chosen: Stanford Prison Experiment Name the researcher/s involved: Phillip Zimbardo When was the experiment conducted? 1970 s What is the Research Problem being studied? (Step One) The research problem being studied is; how does the attitude of the administrate in a prison effect the lives and mindset of the inmates in the prison? that the state of the social institution of prison is due to the ‘nature of the peopleRead MoreThe Tuskegee Syphilis Study And The Stanford Prison Experiment883 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the history of psychological studies unprincipled violations have constructed ethical standards that are essential in today’s research. These moral dilemmas created established professional and federal standards for performing research with human and animal participants, known as, psychological ethical codes. The Tuskegee syphilis study and the Stanford prison experiment highlighted a psychological study without proper patients’ consent and appropriate treatment, resulting in a researchRead MoreThe Tuskegee Study, Obedience, And The Stanford Prison Experiment1638 Words   |  7 Pageshits us in cases like the Tuskegee study, the obedience to authority study, and the Stanford prison experiment. The Tuskegee study is a prime example of why ethical treatment is necessary. This study took place in 1932 and dealt with African Americans who had contracted Syphilis. They were told they would get free medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance in exchange for participating in the study. The catch was that the people participating in the study who had syphilis were not treatedRead MoreA Critical Review Of Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment And The Bbc Prison Study1510 Words   |  7 PagesA critical review of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment and the BBC Prison Study Introduction Tyranny is defined: an unequal social system involving the arbitrary or oppressive use of power by one group over another (Reicher Haslam, 2006). The link made between groups and tyranny has a long history in social psychology being prominent nearly 2,400 years ago with the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle believed that collective rule leads to moral irresponsibility, haphazardness and isRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment1658 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant issues today. The Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted over 40 years ago, brought these ethical issues into the limelight and remains one of the most controversial studies in the history of studying human behavior. This paper aims to define ethics, describe risk/benefit ratio, provide a brief background on the Stanford Prison Experiment, and evaluate the impact it has had on psychological research. â€Æ' The Stanford Prison Experiment The Stanford Prison Experiment probably tops a lot of listsRead MoreSocial Psychology Experiment : The Stanford Prison Experiment967 Words   |  4 Pagessocial psychology experiment, The Stanford Prison Experiment, many have asked whether or not this experiment can really portray how imprisonment can effect an individual. While some say that this experiment is a great representation of the effects caused due to imprisonment, others argue that the experiment was not realistic enough to say it had real effects. Social psychologists Craig Haney and Philip Zimbardo, also the creators of the Stanford Prison Experiment, state that the experiment stimulated aRead MoreA Report On The Stanford Prison Experiment904 Words   |  4 Pages A Report on the Stanford Prison Experiment of 1971 I. Introduction: This report on the Stanford Prison Experiment will define the ethical issues related to prisoner treatment and prison culture in a mock scenario created 1971. The findings of this study define the inclination towards corruption and riotous behavior within the overarching relationship between guard and the prisoners. In a short period of time,. The prisoners became hostile and sought to start a riot in order to free themselvesRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiments1627 Words   |  7 PagesMollie Herrick Professor Ronnfeldt WRC 1013, 0B2 September 26, 2014 The Stanford Prison Experiments The Stanford Prison Experiments, which happened over forty years ago, showed how power, and being powerless, would change and affect a person to do things they wouldn’t normally do. The experiment was started to show what being in the situation of prison would do to a person psychologically. â€Å"I wanted to know who wins -- good people or an evil situation -- when they were brought into direct confrontation†(ZimbardoRead MoreI Chose The Topic Of Prison Psychology With A Focus On1198 Words   |  5 PagesI chose the topic of prison psychology with a focus on the Stanford prison experiment and the psychological effects of systematic abuse. Zimbardo, Philip G. Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment: A Lesson in the Power of Situation. The Chronicle of Higher Education, no. 30, 2007. EBSCOhost, ezproxy.uhd.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=edsgbcAN=edsgcl.161992127site=eds-livescope=site. The Stanford Prison Experiment was a study on the psychological effects

Althete Safety Free Essays

No matter what age. Gender, or ethnicity sports are universal. Whether the sports are American or otherwise, anyone can play/do sports. We will write a custom essay sample on Althete Safety or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thousands of people sign up to play sports in this country every day. In America, sports are one of the top hobbies people do every day. There are so many sports; It is in fact difficult to choose a few among them. However each sport has Its own set of rules. Sports are more popular for teens nowadays but they are the top reason teens are getting injured these days. Rules used to be very minimal when sports were first rated, but as of today each sport has its own specific set of rules to follow by. At every sporting event It Is mandatory to have some type of medical team or medical kit with you at all times. Concussions are the biggest concern when it comes to injuries. Especially playing football, or boxing or other head to head sports. In each sport they make rules to try and prevent the cause of concussions. The rules in each sport nowadays are so advanced that they try so hard to push the Importance of how bad a concussion can be toward an athlete. A concussion could ruin a player’s season, or even career. This doesn’t happen to teen athletes. This could occur to those playing in the NIL (National Hockey League), the NFG (National Football League) and even boxing along with many other sports. Many people believe that the new set of rules and regulations set for each sport to try to protect athletes from being injured is unnecessary; while others believe that they’re great and can definitely save people. Many people are all for the rules and regulations to protect the athletes. Most of the reason they have these rules and isolations Is to prevent lawsuits and of course concussions According to past experiences with teammates it should be a requirement for student athletes or any athlete for this matter to be provided with training in recognizing symptoms of certain medical issues such as; concussions, asthma, or other head and neck injuries. Being both healthy and safe will help you become a better athlete and obviously will help you stay safe of other injuries. Injuries at teenage levels can be taken very serious, even if it’s Just a sprain or a pulled muscle. Stretching out each day when you aka up, before and after you work out will not only loosen up your muscles but it’ll reduce the percentage of injuries. According to â€Å"USA Today† 1. 35 million youth athletes have a serious injury each year due to sports and not being healthy with your body. The top youth sports injuries occur with contact of the head or your ankles. The highest percentage rate of injuries Is your ankles at 15%. The second highest Is your head with 14%. Surprisingly enough the lowest percentage injury Is your knees at 9%. The most common sports for these types of Injuries to happen are in football and basketball. According to â€Å"USA Today’ the number of people with concussions this past year at ages 19 and under is at 394,350 playing football. The number of concussions due to playing basketball is at 389,610 this past year. These Injuries are due to no safety training to these student athletes. By age the highest percentage rate for concussions is 47% at ages 12-15. The lowest percentage rate for concussions is at 5% for athletes 7 and under. Increasing. Athletes would rather focus on playing the game and getting ready to compete then focusing on their warm up and being provided with training. However, any Americans frequently utilize the healthcare system for treatment of injuries resulting from everyday activities such as sports. Whether the sports are for the school or an intramural the number of injuries is still pretty high due to the fact of not training the symptoms of injuries. Every year the percentage rate goes up because of the different rule changes. Many suffer from minor or even serious sports-related injuries. Throughout the years of sports so many rules have changed that the injury level on student athletes keeps changing. However, the number of injuries occurs a lot wrought bigger level sports, such as; the NFG, NIL and boxing or other head on sports. The sports don’t have to be head on Just to injure yourself. You can play any sport and injure anything in your body if you use it the wrong way. The more you don’t focus on training for the symptoms the easier it is to injure yourself. It could change your life in a negative way. Whether you train yourself or not for the symptoms of injuries there’s still a possibility you can get injured. You can’t prevent getting injured 100%, but if you trained yourself for the symptoms then you have a better chance to prevent injury. How to cite Althete Safety, Papers

Introduction to Crimonology and Criminal Justice- My Assignment Help

Question: Start your research by reading the appropriate sections in Newburn (2013) Criminology the core text for the unit. Guided reading will help you develop the answer aided by relevant material listed in independent study. For example, Newburns Criminology has sections on classicism and positivism, and realism. In addition, he has sections on prisons in a number of areas look carefully through the detailed contents crime and the media, youth justice and crime prevention. By researching Carrabine et al (2014) you can develop these ideas further in chapters 4 and 15, chapter 18, and chapter 20. Hale et al (2009) has similar sections. For the remaining questions, Davis et al (2010) for Youth Justice (Ch 8) and Hucklesby (2009) chapter 1 on Crime Prevention will add to your research. You will find these titles in the guided reading. The next stage is to select appropriate titles from the Independent Study list and where possible the list of articles. You will find specific texts on crime p revention, media and crime, and theory, while sections of others will address prisons and youth justice. A very useful source is the Oxford Handbook of Criminology. By building your research from introductory to advanced reading you will develop an argument based on your understanding of the evidence. As you can see from the above guidance, each question demands from you systematic research. This cannot be done in a day, and if you try, this will lead to short-cuts such as cutting and pasting from the web and certain failure. Give yourself ample time to research, write and demonstrate your abilities. Answer: Introduction The study of crime, criminals, and criminal justice comes under Criminology. The subject of criminology involves various approaches and has been created by different academic disciplines. Criminology has recently become a topic of interest for numerous scholars and students across the world due to expansion of criminal justice at a similar pace. It deals with the definition of crime, how it should be dealt with, and how it should be measured. There are a number of crimes which occur around us in our daily life. The most common forms of crime around the world are property crime, crimes against human rights, destruction to the environment, and some state crimes also. In true sense, crime is a sociological concept as it is a social construct and does not exist as autonomous unit. Although, in present era, males and females commit crimes in approximately similar proportion, a major proportion of prosecuted crime is committed by youths (Carrabine et al., 2014). Youngsters generally commit such kind of crimes that are required to be reported and younger offenders are more likely to be followed by the criminal justice system. In this essay, we will discuss about what the procedures are in criminal justice system for the young offenders and how it implies on them. Discussion The term "Custodial sentence" means a punishment where young offenders above the age of 12 years are held in a secure place such as in young offenders' institution. The word "Liable" means legally responsible. "Magistrate Court deals with less serious offences by adults and young offenders. "Youth Courts" is a section of magistrate court for people aged 10-18 years of age. The crimes committed by youth are determined under two broad aspects, that is, rebellious youth cultures and procedures of youth justice. The concept of juvenile delinquency was established for the first time in a most comprehensive way by sociologist Geoff Pearson in 1983. From the 19th Century onwards, new techniques to deal with the issue of delinquency involve juvenile reformatories, shifting of juveniles' cases to the lower courts, abolishing imprisonment of child delinquents in adult prisons, and creation of juvenile courts (Natale Williams, 2012). According to Section 50 of the "Children Young Persons Act 1933", children who are less 10 years old cannot be held culpable of any crime (House of Commons , 2011). In the criminal justice system, an individual who is below the age of 14 years is considered as 'child' and an individual between 14 and 18 years comes under the category of 'young person' or 'juvenile'. The main objectives of the Youth Justice System is to stop the children from committing any kind of offences, which is established under the Section 37(1) of the "Crime and Disorder Act 1998" (Blakeman, 2016). Several policies have been made by the government in England and Wales in order to stop the young people from committing offences. With the assistance of local Youth Offending Teams, various efforts focused to deter offenders and those who are vulnerable to offending have been developed. To prevent the youth from getting involved in crimes, the best and the most effective technique can be to prevent them from getti ng into trouble in the initial stages. Otherwise, it is more likely that they might commit crime or get involved in the socially unacceptable behaviour as it is expected that early interference could save a lot of time and expenditure to be occurred on public services. The troublesome conditions include lack of education, unhealthy family relationships, association with those involved in offences and substance abuse. In the initial stage, there are various programmes which are aimed to deal with the risk factors responsible, to develop the interests of young people in various constructive activities, and to increase their knowledge (University of Essex, 2016). It is the procedure of the court that if a young wrongdoer is charged with an offence, he/she have to be presented before the court and it depends upon the decision of the court whether it will provide bail or custodial remand to the offender if the case cannot be dealt with instantly. In case, if a young person is found to be accountable for crime, a date is given for the trial of the case on which all the evidences are presented before the magistrate, after which he/she decides whether the young person is guilty or not. On being proved guilty, the most appropriate sentence is decided for the offender. The youth court refers the case to the superior court, if case is considered as extremely serious. The offences, for which maximum penalty is six months in prison, are sent for trial and sentence to adult magistrates' courts. These courts look after the cases that involve individual above the age of 18 years. The youth court looks after the cases that involve individuals below the age of 18 years. These courts are part of magistrates' court. The youth panel magistrates and district judges are the one who preside over in these courts. They can grant Detention orders and Training Orders of up to 24 months to those who are held guilty by them, as well as a variety of sentences in the community. The hearings in the youth court take place in private and only victim is allowed to attend the hearings that too, with the permission of the court. Despite the fact that the hearings are kept confidential, the requirements and wishes of victims are also kept under consideration by the court and, they often are allowed to have contribution in the process of sentencing (Marsh Melville, 2014). In order to prevent youth from getting involved in the procedure of the youth justice system, they are at the initial stage handled by the police and local authorities without sending the case to the court, only in case of anti-social behaviours and minor offences committed by them. They are offered help and support by the police and local authorities to stop them from offending again. Pre-court measures include informal warning, scolding, and final warning. To the first time offenders, who have committed small offence, senior police officer issues an informal and verbal warning or caution. Reprimand refers to a formal verbal warning which is given to the young person who is offending for the second time or if the offence is of a serious kind, at the police station in presence of his/her parents. A final warning is given by senior police officer, if a young person commits a more serious offence even after scolding. He/she is sent to the Youth Offending Team. The sentences which are p lanned within the community include Community Punishment Order, Supervision Order, Conditional Discharge, Reparation Order, etc. Such kind of sentences in the community depends upon the severity and extent of an offence committed by the youth (Burke, 2013). For serious crimes, custodial sentences are provided by the court. According to Section 73 of the "Crime and Disorder Act 1998", the Detention and Training Order (DTO) is established as a new custodial sentence for youth offenders below the age of 18 years. To make custody more effective in order to prevent reoffending, this new procedure of sentence was planned. For the offenders of age between 15 and 17 years, sentence of detention and for the offenders of age between 12 and 14 years, the sentence of the secure training order (STO), is substituted by DTO. As per DTO, individual may be sentenced for the period of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, and 24 months by the court. Out of the total period of sentence, half of the punishment is to be spent in custody, while for the other half under the observation in community (Hucklesby, 2007). According to Section 37(2) of the "Crime and Disorder Act", it is duty of people working in the youth justice system to follow the purpose of the system mentioned under Section 37 (1) of the act i.e. to avert the children and youth from committing offences or crimes. It is planned to ensure that each one of the young offenders are provided with the most appropriate form of training in order to prevent them from reoffending. The Secretary of the State determines the DTO to be served in Secure Children's Home (SCH), Secure Training Centre (STC), in a YOI, or at any other place which depends upon his/her discretion. On the basis of appropriate behaviour of the offender or if the established criteria have been met, there are provisions for release from custody earlier than the sentence granted by the court (Newburn, 2013). For serious offences such as murder and other major offences, an individual below 18 years shall be sentenced to be detained at Her Majesty's discretion under Section 90 of the Powers of "Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000". As per Section 91, children and young person who are convicted in serious charges shall be sentenced in a similar way as in the case of an adult which may be life imprisonment also. The place of detaining and the conditions under which they are to be kept are directed by the Secretary of the State under Section 92 of the Act. For certain brutal or sexual offences, Section 226 of the "Criminal Justice Act 2003" provides a maximum penalty of imprisonment of 10 years or more. The young offenders, who are found to be dangerous by the court, are given a sentence of detention to protect the public unless it is considered by the court that a sentence of detention for life under Section 91 is reasonable or prolonged sentence under Section 228 would be suitable (Blakeman, 2016; Fox Arnull, 2013). Conclusion The provisions under the Criminal justice system of the United Kingdom for children and the young offenders are flexible and at the same time severe as well in order to prevent the youths from committing such offensive crimes. The policies of the government promote the functioning of local Youth Offending Teams to prevent the youth from committing the crimes. In all, the efforts of government and the judiciary will positively achieve success in preventing the offences committed by the children and young people. References Blakeman, I., 2016. Youth justice system in England and Wales. The 139th International Training Course. Burke, L., 2013. The 2013 Offender Rehabilitation Bill:A curious mix?. British Society of Criminology Newsletter, pp.20-24. Carrabine, E. et al., 2014. Criminology. 3rd ed. Routledge. Fox, D. Arnull, E., 2013. Social Work in the Youth Justice System: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Mc Graw-Hill Education. House of Commons , 2011. The youth justice system in England and Wales: Reducing offending by young people. House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts. Hucklesby, A., 2007. Understanding Offenders' Compliance: A Case Study of Electronically Monitored Curfew Orders. Journal of Law and Society, 36(2), pp.248-71. Marsh, I. Melville, G., 2014. Crime, Justice and the Media. Routledge. Natale, L. Williams, N., 2012. Youth Crime in England and Wales. CIVITAS Institute for the Study of Civil Society. Newburn, T., 2013. Criminology. Routledge. University of Essex, 2016. IDEATE. University of Essex.

The Similarities And Differences Of Jonathan Edwards And Patrick Henry

The Similarities And Differences Of Jonathan Edwards And Patrick Henry The Similarities and Differences of Jonathan Edwards and Patrick Henry convey theiThere were many similarities and differences between speech styles of the early 1700s and the late 1700s. Speakers were known to use persuasive techniques in these time periods to influence their audiences opinions. Speakers were also using an oratory approach to their speeches. Two speakers of this time period were Jonathan Edwards and Patrick Henry. The persuasive techniques of these speakers were different due to their topics, their purpose, and their messages being conveyed, yet they were similar due to their authority, their strong sense of emotion, and their belief in their subjects. Jonathan Edwards sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, was an example of a persuasive speech in which Edwards used scare tactics to persuade his audience. Jonathan Edwards purpose was simply to convey a message to the people of the church with intentions of changing their moral and religious views. Edwards often appealed to reason and logic and highly emotional fire and brimstone techniques to convey his point. Patrick Henrys Speech in the Virginia Convention was a powerful argument for American Independence. This was an example of an oratory approach. Henry used political views to help in his persuasion. Unlike Jonathan Edwards, Henry did not use the approach of scare tactics, but rather the approach to reason and logic. Both of the renowned speakers used strong feelings in their persuasive speeches. They also used Biblical illusions to strengthen their points. The two speakers both had to gain the attention of the audience. The speakers also gained their attention through the fact that they held high social and political level positions. Through these similarities, the speakers achieved their goals. In Jonathan Edwards sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, and Patrick Henrys Speech in the Virginia Convention, there were many similarities and differences. Their speeches were very persuasive and argumentative, and their strong appeal to logic and reason made it possible to successfully r messages. English Essays

The Satsuma Rebellion

The Satsuma Rebellion The Meiji Restoration of 1868 signaled the beginning of the end for Japans samurai warriors.   After centuries of samurai rule, however, many members of the warrior class were understandably reluctant to give up their status and power.   They also believed that only the samurai had the courage and training to defend Japan from its enemies, internal and external.   Surely no conscript army of peasants could fight like the samurai!   In 1877, the samurai of the Satsuma Province rose up in the Satsuma Rebellion or Seinan Senso (Southwestern War), challenging the authority of the Restoration Government in Tokyo, and testing the new imperial army. Background to the Rebellion: Located on the southern tip of Kyushu Island, more than 800 miles south of Tokyo, the Satsuma domain had existed and governed itself for centuries with very little interference from the central government.   During the latter years of the Tokugawa shogunate, just prior to the Meiji Restoration, the Satsuma clan began to invest heavily in armaments, building a new shipyard at Kagoshima, two weapons factories, and three ammunition depots.   Officially, the Meiji Emperors government had authority over those facilities after 1871, but Satsuma officials actually retained control of them. On January 30, 1877, the central government launched a raid on the arms and ammunition storage areas in Kagoshima, without any prior warning to the Satsuma authorities.   Tokyo intended to confiscate the weapons and take them to an imperial arsenal in Osaka.   When an Imperial Navy landing party reached the arsenal at Somuta under cover of night, locals raised the alarm.   Soon, more than 1,000 Satsuma samurai appeared and drove off the intruding sailors.   The samurai then attacked imperial facilities around the province, seizing weapons and parading them through the streets of Kagoshima.   The influential Satsuma samurai, Saigo Takamori, was away at the time and had no knowledge of these events, but hurried home when he heard the news.   Initially he was furious about the junior samurais actions; however, he soon learned that 50 Tokyo police officers who were Satsuma natives had returned home with instructions to assassinate him in the case of an uprising.   With that, Saigo threw his support behind those organizing for a rebellion. On February 13-14, the Satsuma domains army of 12,900 organized itself into units.   Each man was armed with a small firearm - either a rifle, a carbine, or a pistol - as well as 100 rounds of ammunition and, of course, his katana.   Satsuma had no reserve of extra weapons, and insufficient ammunition for an extended war.   Its artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. The Satsuma advance guard, 4,000 strong, set out on February 15, marching north.   They were followed two days later by the rear guard and artillery unit, who left in the midst of a freak snowstorm.   Satsuma daimyo Shimazu Hisamitsu did not acknowledge the departing army when the men stopped to bow at the gates of his castle.   Few of them would ever return. Satsuma Rebels: The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo either to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma.   Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army, so he led his samurai army straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo.   He hoped to raise the samurai of other domains along the way. However, a government garrison at Kumamoto Castle stood in the Satsuma rebels path, manned by about 3,800 soldiers and 600 police under Major General Tani Tateki.   With a smaller force, and unsure about the loyalty of his Kyushu-native troops, Tani decided to stay inside the castle rather than venturing out to face Saigos army.   Early on February 22, the Satsuma attack began, with samurai scaling the walls again and again, only to be cut down by small arms fire.   These attacks on the ramparts continued for two days, until Saigo decided to settle in for a siege.   The Siege of Kumamoto Castle lasted until April 12, 1877.   Many former samurai from the area joined Saigos army, increasing his force to 20,000.   The Satsuma samurai fought on with fierce determination; meanwhile, the defenders ran out of artillery shells, and resorted to digging up unexploded Satsuma ordinance and refiring it.   However, the imperial government gradually sent more than 45,000 reinforcements to relieve Kumamoto, finally driving the Satsuma army away with heavy casualties.   This costly defeat put Saigo on the defensive for the remainder of the rebellion. Rebels in Retreat: Saigo and his army made a seven-day march south to Hitoyoshi, where they dug trenches and prepared for the imperial army to attack.   When the attack finally came, the Satsuma forces withdrew, leaving small pockets of samurai to hit the larger army in guerrilla-style strikes.   In July, the Emperors army encircled Saigos men, but the Satsuma army fought its way free with heavy casualties. Down to about 3,000 men, the Satsuma force made a stand on Mount Enodake.   Faced with 21,000 imperial army troops, the majority of the rebels ended up committing seppuku or surrendering.   The survivors were out of ammunition, so had to rely on their swords.   Just about 400 or 500 of the Satsuma samurai escaped the mountain slope on August 19, including Saigo Takamori.   They retreated once more to Mount Shiroyama, which stands above the city of Kagoshima, where the rebellion began seven months earlier. In the final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, 30,000 imperial troops bore down upon Saigo and his few hundreds of surviving rebel samurai.   Despite the overwhelming odds, the Imperial Army did not attack immediately upon arrival on September 8, but instead spent more than two weeks carefully preparing for its final assault.   In the wee hours of the morning on September 24, the emperors troops launched a three hour long artillery barrage, followed by a massed infantry assault that began at 6 am.   Saigo Takamori likely was killed in the initial barrage, although tradition holds that he was just gravely injured and committed seppuku.   In either case, his retainer, Beppu Shinsuke, cut off his head to ensure that Saigos death was honorable.   The few surviving samurai launched a suicide charge into the teeth of the imperial armys Gatling guns, and were shot down.   By 7:00 that morning, all of the Satsuma samurai lay dead. Aftermath: The end of the Satsuma Rebellion also marked the end of the samurai era in Japan.   Already a popular figure, after his death, Saigo Takamori was lionized by the Japanese people.   He is popularly known as The Last Samurai, and proved so beloved that the Emperor Meiji felt compelled to issue him a posthumous pardon in 1889. The Satsuma Rebellion proved that a conscript army of commoners could out-fight even a very determined band of samurai - provided they had overwhelming numbers, at any rate.   It signaled the beginning of the Japanese Imperial Armys rise to domination in eastern Asia, which would end only with Japans eventual defeat in World War II almost seven decades later. Sources: Buck, James H. The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 from Kagoshima through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle, Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Winter, 1973), pp. 427-446. Ravina, Mark. The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, New York: Wiley Sons, 2011. Yates, Charles L. Saigo Takamori in the Emergence of Meiji Japan, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3 (July, 1994), pp. 449-474.

Is mobile marketing the future of advertising Case Study

Is mobile marketing the future of advertising - Case Study Example By definition, Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) is a new competitive weapon and way of companies to draw maximum benefits from one shot. In other words, it is a concept designed to give users of the marketing mix an opportunity to make use of all aspects of marketing communication such as advertising, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing a unified force, rather than permitting each to work in isolation (Kortler 2002). Varey (2001) considers integrated marketing as a paradigm shift towards more personalise, customer-oriented, technology-supported marketing systems. Under this new approach, it is recommended that different communications channels used by the company to communicate with prospective customers and customers be integrated. Such an action will result to a clear, consistent and compelling message about the company's product and services. The effect of which will be glaringly reflected on the sales record subsequently (Kotler. 2005). Integration of a company's marketing communication activities can avoid confusion and disaffection in the minds of consumers and buyers, offering a comfortable identity to customers and staff (Kotler. 2005). As marketing has shifted to a more one to one direction, marketers have employed different methods to get to their target markets. Mobile advertising is fast becoming the order of the day (Baker 2007). The current revolution of information and communication technologies is changing our business environment drastically: new technologies influence the way we organize our work and the environment in whic h we compete, introducing new rules and new relative powers among incumbents, newcomers and even entire markets. This complex, evolving environments are referred to as New Technology Playgrounds (Ace 2001). Against this background, this paper seeks to answer the following questions Is mobile marketing the future of advertising' What are the variables that motivate companies to use mobile advertising' How do mobile marketing differs from the other advertising methods' What has been the trend in mobile marketing in the last five years' What proportion of the advertisement budget is allocated to mobile marketing' 1.1 Objectives and Purpose of Study This paper focuses on the growing trend of mobile marketing as a new way of advertisement. In particular, the paper seeks to analyse and evaluate if mobile marketing represents the future direction of advertisement. Other objectives include To examine the salient features of mobile marketing as compared to the other advertisement method. The paper also aims at analysing mobile marketing trend in the last five years through an examination of the budget allocated towards mobile marketing. 1.2 Importance and Significance of Study This study aims at delineating the use of mobile marketi

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 232

Assignment Example For the cable news network, I decided to watch CNN while I settled on Fox Network for the broadcast news network. After the thirty-minute session, I came up with the following outcomes. The first thing that I noted was that the top stories for both networks differed significantly. I decided to pay attention to the top three news stories for both the Fox Network, which is a broadcast network, and for CNN which is a cable network. I noticed that only one story was similar across the board for the two networks. For CNN, the similar story came third while the same story came first in Fox Network. This was a direct implication that the news stories that are covered by both networks are totally different. It is, however, important to note that ordinary viewers may not note this difference because they could be cruising through different stations oblivious of whether it is a cable or broadcast network. During the session, I also noted that both networks did not give the same weight to similar stories. As already mentioned, one story was broadcasted by both networks. However, Fox made the story their top story while CNN did not accord the same story equal weight. This is an implication that the two networks were not in communication so as to decide on a single pattern of airing the same story. In addition to that, the comprehensiveness of the story was different for both networks. Fox gave a comprehensive analysis of the story while CNN seemed to provide a mere overview. When it came to the amount of airtime given to the top three stories, Fox seemed to offer more airtime to its stories as compared to CNN. That notwithstanding, Fox was more comprehensive in analyzing the content of its stories as compared to CNN which seemed to provide a quick overview of the contents. Despite the difference in the airtime accorded for the stories in both networks, I was unable to notice a significant difference in the slant of presentations of the stories aired on that day.

Indias colonial rule

Indias colonial rule Research Questions and Hypothesis The following objectives / research questions will constitute the foundation for the direction and structure of the methodology chapter. What was Indias economy like under colonial rule? What was the post independence economy in India like? What did colonialism did for the Indian economy? What is Indias economy like today and can it sustain growth? These questions will act as a logical guideline with which my dissertation research can begin. Hypothesis: At the end of colonial rule, the newly independent India took on an economy that was ruined, poor and stagnant. However after the 1991 reforms the economy has grown at a rapid rate and has a promising future ahead. I feel that it is due to the instruments that the British put in place that is able to retain economic growth today. Abstract The Indian economy has had a chequered past, from 1858 to 1947 the British ruled India; there are many examples of the colonial rule exploiting India as the British thought, India was the jewel in their crown. When the British left India they left behind an underdeveloped, poor country, as in the 1700 Indias share of the world income was 22.6% and fell to a low of 3.8% in 1952. However the colonial rule did also introduce India to industrialization, it introduced fixed exchange rates, property rights, and a uniform currency. The British built the enormous railway system and improved communication links. Which in turn helped bring India on the path to westernisation. In the 1970s India had an output of just 3% and in the 1980s it started to have problems in with its balance of payments. At this time India was a semi-socialist closed economy, which followed the USSR in its economic policies instead of the free world. India however had to revise their economic policies and come up with a plan that would save the countries economy, as India found that imports were increasing rapidly and exports decreased. In the late 1980 India had a huge fiscal deficit which resulted in a balance of payments crisis of 1991. In 1991 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was the finance minister in the Narasimha Rao government, he was the chief architect of the new economic policies. He shifted the Indian economy from a semi socialist command to a more open liberal economy. This liberalization in 1991 was a catalyst for future growth in the country. From the initial readings of the literature along with the primary and secondary research, it has showed that there were a number of different factors and views that pushed the Indian economy to grow after colonial rule. The key factors that have drive Indias economic growth from 1947 were, transition to a knowledge based economy, middle class population, the demographic dividend, English speaking people and Investment potential. However constraints to growth are affected by the bad infrastructure, lack of higher education and widespread poverty. Background This dissertation aims to look at how British colonization of India as affected her economy today. Through research it has been found, that India, due to its history was at a handy cap when it came to economic growth. The British rule from 1858 to 1947 drained the wealth of India, the British reasons for colonialism according to Maddison (1971) were purely economic. They saw India as a main component in the in the hierarchy of power, of the world. For many years after India gained its independence in 1947 it was a closed economy, with bad infrastructure and low growth rates. However since the crisis in 1991 India has made social reforms, which has helped it become one of the fasted growing third world countries in the world. It is argued that India has further to go, as does Rajadhyaksha (2006) that India has great potential because of its huge population, its increase in the middle class population, economic liberalization and its relationship with outside world for further economic growth. There is a vast amount of literature that supports that supports my view, because India is such a relevant country today. I chose this as a topic because I feel that India is on the verge of exploding economically. Although India is yet to over take China in terms of in terms of PPP (purchasing power parity), it is still a relatively young country, and in the next 50 years it could take over China. The research for this topic will start of with a general examination of the Indian economy during the colonial rule through the use of secondary sources. Focus will only be emphasized on some aspects of the economy Indian economy because, the state of the economy is such a huge topic to cover in one dissertation. Once an overall knowledge of the topic was gained, it was necessary to analyze the literature, so that a deeper understanding of the Indian economy and look at how the Indian Economy has changed after the instruments of modernization placed upon India by the British. Methodology Research is defined by Saunders et al (2003) as something that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge. I will use two different research philosophies, the Interpretivism paradigm, which focuses on the subjective aspects of human activity by focusing on the meaning, rather than the measurement, of social phenomena, (Collis Hussey, 2003), this paradigm will be useful to me due to the qualitative nature of my dissertation. Another research philosophy that I will follow is the Realism paradigm which looks to understand, the existence of an external and objective reality that influences peoples social interpretations and behaviours (Saunders et al 2003). The most important methodologies that I will use for this dissertation are interviews, case studies on India and its economy and questionnaires. I incorporate both quantitative and qualitative data in my research but focusing more on the latter. In addition, I will also use pr imary sources, such as informal interviews, questionnaires and book, and secondary sources, such as government statistics, journals, and newspaper articles. I will also look at the ethical aspect of conducting research for my dissertation, as I will be conducting informal interviews, I will have to be aware of basis. This Literature Review This Literature Review will look at a variety of opinions concerning India economic background during British colonization, post colonization and its future potential in the world stage. This will include a detailed analysis of what pervious well-known authors have written on Indias economic growth, Indian economys, current performance and the potential for further growth; this in turn will lead to a better understanding of the subject and establish a academic foundation for further research based on academic journals, books and magazines. Economy under colonial rule Did the British colonial rule help or hinder Indias economy today? This area of study has spawn countless debates. Many academics highlight the positive role British colonization had on India, from supporting capital movements and trade (Furguson: 2002) to amalgamating administration and securing peace (Lal: 2004). However other academics take an opposite stance on the subject and suggest that the British exploited India and drained her of her wealth (Bagchi: 2002). The British had many reasons for colonial rule of India according to Paul Halsall (Internet modern history source book), the reasons included security, trade and the cause of humanity. However Maddison argues in his book Class structure and Economic Growth that Britons motive for colonisation was simply economic, they wanted to achieve a monopolistic trading position (Maddison: 1971: 35). The British mission was to explore all territories, in hope of opportunities that ensured them economic power. Maddison justifies this claim through researching the economic and social impact of colonial rule; he found that the colonial rule brought slight change to the life of the general population, there were no major changes in village society and education efforts only assisted the upper class. Stein on the other hand argues in his book The History of India that the British did do their share to improve the economy and sustain development. They helped improve the infrastructure of the country and introduced which boosted Indias export industry. Although the view of imperialist is that colonialism produce a modern state. Tirthankar Roy in Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link, suggest that it came at a cost (Roy: 2007: 109). The Indian economy suffered under the British rule because of the exploitation by foreign capital and noninterventionist stance of the Indian government (Roy: 2007: 109). Indian Economy The Indian economy is slowly taking hold of, the worlds attention with its extraordinary economic performance Bureau (2009) sees India as a Caiged Tiger, which is growing at a slower rate than Chinas economy, but nonetheless is growing at a rapid speed. The growth in Indias economy is due to India having a very successful IT service industry and the large amount of speaking young demographic. India is walking away from the reputation it had in the 1950s, as the leader of the third world to a potential future leader of the world (Charlie Rose Interview: 2006). Rajadhyaksha (2006) wrote The Rise of India, in which he thinks Indias economy have further potential for growth. He analysis the new changes in Indian policy, consumer behaviour, demography, and financial markets. According to Rajadhyaksha (2006) these significant changes will aid Indias economic growth as it embarks on a journey to contend with other countries. Economic Development: History On the eve of the industrial revolution India was the second largest economy in the world, contributing more than 20% of total world output. By the 1970s after two centuries of relative economic stagnation, that share had fallen to 3%, the lowest in its recorded history (Poddar and Yi: 2007: 4). Poddar and Yi (2007), argues that this was a post-industrial economic decline and an effect of historical aberration, driven by a lack of openness and forward thinking (Poddar and Yi: 2007: 4) due to Jawaharlal Nehru favoring a Fabian socialist society rather than the present neo liberal. India was described to follow the Hindu rate of growth after the Independence in 1947, this was because of the decades of low rate of growth, due to the reforms undertaken by the Congress government in 1980s resulted in growth which was fragile and sporadic and finally ended with a balance of payments crisis (Financialexpress.com: 2005). Poddar Yi (2007) person responsible for writing the Goldman Sachs repo rt 2007, explain how the subsequent reforms in 1991, integrating India into the global economy and remove obstacles that prevented economic growth. India is now noticed as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Crises of 1991 and the consequent Reforms The reforms instigated by the finance minister in the Narasimha Rao government of 1991 Manmohan Singh, were seen as waking a sleeping giant (Singh: 1985: 407), according to Cohen (2001). The reforms were instigated because of the balance of payment crisis India faced in 1991, that threatened to crumble the Indian economy because the foreign reserves were so low that they could not even maintain two weeks of imports. Due to the 1991 reforms, Indias semi- socialist, closed economy made a transition towards a open economy and private Indian and international investment. Cohen (2001) agrees with Nayar (1998) on the issue that the balance of payments crisis led to a demand in investment, labour legislation and opening of the economy. I agree with Cohen (2001) and Nayar (1998) that reforms of 1991 that happened because of the crisis, influenced the rise if the Indian economy from a sluggish, stagnant economy to a rapidly growing one, India found a new sense of enthusiasm and confidence. Pre 1991 Growth Although the crisis of 1991 is often said to be the trigger for Indian economic reforms and economic growth, Rodrick Subamanian (2004) believe that the productivity surge and economic growth started steadily in the 1980s a decade before the 1991 reforms. Rodrick Subamanian (2004) put forward an argument of a changing mind-set on part of the government in the 1980s, from a more socialist society to a more liberal one who favors the private sector. This significant shift, according to Rodrick Subamanian (2004) was led by Indira Gandhis Congress Party. However they do state that attitudinal change was grounded primarily in political calculation, and not in a desire to enhance the efficiency of the economic regime (Rodrick and Subamanian: 2004: 24). Kohli (1989) also supports Rodrick Subamanians view and states ideology of the leaders rather than the nature of regime organization, it is a key determinant of economic policy choice leaders will push an economic program of their choice (Kohli: 1989: 305). Rodrick Subamanian (2004) continue to argue that policy changes in the early 80s and then internal liberalization in the mid 80s was the catalyst to the huge economic growth that we see in India today. Future Growth Purushothaman and Willson (2003) think that Brazil, Russia, India and Chian becoming a much larger force in the world economy (Purushothaman and Willson: 2003: 1) over the next 50 years. Purushothaman and Willson (2003) analyzed the GDP growth, income per capita and currency movements in the Indian economy until 2050. Kakodkar (1998) expresss that with improvements to the infrastructure, clearer policies, India will become increasingly attractive to investors. This potential, according to Luce (2007), has been largely wasted because of the caste system that has shaped Indian society for several thousands of years. He suggests that the factors, which would allow the realisation of Indias potential, are by the encouragement of democracy, education and empowerment. Chapter Plan Chapter One Introduction This chapter will be a short introduction to the dissertation and question. How was Indias economy effected by colonization and whether effects of colonization are still being felt today? Chapter Two Economy Under the British Colonial rule In the second chapter will introduce a brief history of the Indian Economy under colonial rule and what the British did in the sub- continent. The focus will not be placed on the economy as a whole instead it will concentrate on specific parts of the economy which are considered most important, such as trade, investment and the infrastructure. Chapter Three Developing Economy The third chapter will discuss the Indian economy after Independence from British colonialism. It will look at the economy from 1957 to 1991 when it was a semi socialist economy to its shift towards a market economy in 1991. Again emphasis will be placed on trade, growth rates and infrastructure. Chapter Four- What colonialism did for India? Chapter four will discuss the effects of colonialism on the Indian economy and society. It will look at the benefits and detriments India suffered during colonial rule. Again only certain aspects of society and economy will be analysed. Chapter Five Waking the sleeping giant Economy of India Today Chapter five will focus on Indias economy after 1991 till the present day and beyond. Whats more, it will continue to examine what are the key factors of economic growth, sustainability and the constraints. Chapter Six Discussion The discussions chapter will focus on the three aspects of research methods used in this dissertation, the analysis of the questionnaire, discourse analysis on a speech by the British to justify colonial rule in India and the reading from literature. Chapter Seven Conclusion In the final chapter will conclude the research question and evaluate the outcome of the research. Chapter Two, Indian economy under colonial rule Research question: What was Indias economy like under colonial rule? In 1757 the British East India Company established its dominance in Bengal and nearly 100 years later, in 1858 the British Crown took over Indias princely states. To understand Indias economy under British rule, which lasted nearly two decades one has to take into account why the British conquered India in the first place. For western empires colonization was a way of expanding their territory, their purpose was undoubtedly economic and then resulting to political expansion. India was seen as the agriculture mother of Asia and the industrial workshop of civilisation (Singh: 1970: 16). The British quickly realized that India had great resources of wealth and raw materials that would benefit them financially thus slowly increased their hold of the sub continent, which led to the war of 1857 that paved the way for full British colonization of Indian Princely states. Indias economic structure pre colonization was one of oriental despotism, which restricted its industrialization and development. Indias custom of the caste system prevented modernisation of the economy because of the peculiar position of the artisan in the Indian village (Stokes: 1973: 139). When the British colonized India they became the agent of economic modernization and wanted to achieve a monopolistic trading position (Maddison: 1971: 35). Indias predisposed socio economic order was greatly influenced by the market forces, industrial competition and modernization encouraged by the modern imperial state. Indian economy was integrated into the world economy as a result of British colonization. India began trading with the world long before colonization took place in the sub continent, however trade began to grow exceedingly fast in the late 18th century as the result of the Charter Act of 1813, which gave Indias trade a major boost compared to modern standards. A rapid growth in trading started from 1800 till the beginning of the First World War. Tirthankar Roy measures Indian trade by the contribution of foreign trade (or exports) to national income (Roy: 2000: 32). In India during the late 18th century and early 19th century the national income (at present value against 1968 as base rate (index)) was 1.5 % per annum and the growth rate during 1868 and 1913 of imports and exports was 4-5 %. The percentage of imports and exports was escalating rapidly throughout the 19th century. Despite the escalation of foreign trade, nationalists argue that the British colonization of India in fact hindered Indias economic growth. Angus Maddison (1971) proposed that the British were wil ling to assist with the Indian economic development as long as it did not diverge away from their own economic interests. For example the British colonial rule exercised a free trade policy in India, which meant that all British imports came into India without any duty paid on goods and when a small tariff was necessary for Indias revenue purposes, the British in turn imposed equivalent excise duty on Indian products to prevent them gaining a competitive advantage (Maddison: 1971: 39). Maddison (1971) continues to argue that if India had been politically independent, her tax structure would probably have been different (Maddison: 1971: 39) and the trade turnover much higher, for instance Brazils Import revenue was 21% of trade turnover, whereas Indias revenue was only 2.2% in the 1880s. Some academics estimate that the net transfer of capital from colonized India to Britain was 1.5% of the total GNP of the sub-continent. The trade policies that the British imposed on India were tool s of exploitation and a ploy to force its manufactures on India and crush domestic industry (Basu: 2006). Initially, India was a feudal society however British colonization of India institutionalized its society and transformed its agricultural industry. It introduced property rights resembling the unencumbered private property characteristics of Western capitalism (Maddison: 1971: 45) and collected land revenue in the form of taxes imposed on the farmers and peasants. During the first half of British colonization of the sub- continent the agriculture industry grew, firstly in order to feed the growing population and secondly to export other countries that demanded the cotton, teas, and opium that India produced. From the period of 1860 to 1880 the demand for cotton grew substantially and for a few years the value of cotton exports was more than half of the value of all exports (Desai: 1969: 21). It suggests that in 1859 the price of cotton per lb was 2.7, however as the export grew to 14 lakhs of bales, so did the price pre lb to 11.5. Consequently the demand for such goods meant that I ndia was leading to commercialization and entering the world economy. Nevertheless this prosperity did not last. From the period of 1895 to 1914 India suffered from two ruthless famines, which were an amalgamation of natural causes and administrative failures. Yet the British did in this period, also try and introduce new reforms, they established a famine relief policy that included the expansion of irrigation and better infrastructure. The Indian agriculture industry went into decline from the period of 1930 to 1940; Desai (1986) suggests that this decline was due to the great depression and provincial autonomy. The depression, which was felt in all through the world, lowered agriculture prices in India hence led to a decline in farmers income however their responsibilities to the government remained the same, they still had to pay taxes on the land, etc. The second World War increased the burden on the farmers as the demand for agricultural goods on the world market declined and the exports of jute, cotton and groundnut fell to half or less in three or four years (Desai: 1986: 26). In spite of this the demand for food crops increased India supplied food crops to Western Asia and the increase in the proportion of the military meant that consumption increased. Due to the increase in trade and some slight advances in agriculture the British colonization of India helped established a system of centralized of governing and amalgamated the administration of India, they improved the governing of the states, security of life and property (modern source book), and in addition to this the British also improved the infrastructure of the sub- continent. They invested in repair, enlargement and unification of ancient irrigation systems (Roy: 2000: 46) as it was the most straightforward way of increasing yields of agriculture, helping the farmer that would in turn result in more revenue for the government, and help prevent further famines. However they procured returns for their investment to the irrigation from increasing revenue charged on irrigated land and on water rates. The British also invested heavily in the Railway industry in India, they considered it an important investment as it increased the volume of trade in the sub-continent and improved Indian social conditions. The railways helped promote the agriculture exports, it made the export of large sums of raw materials easier and provided cheap transport. The British thought of themselves as saviors of the Indian people spreading western civilization (MacPherson: 1955: 177). The first railway tracks were laid in 1853 under the guidance Dalhousie and by 1869 5,000 miles of tracks had been laid down. From the 1880s onwards the railway construction took on a new life and by 1910 India had the 4th largest Railway system in the world which cost the Indian people  £50 million, however MacPherson (1955) argues that  £95 million was invested into Indian railway by British companies. According to Desi (1969) the railway industry was built not to benefit the Indian economy but instead their own. Duri ng the First World War the British used the Indian railway to meet the demands of their own country, the Second World War incapacitated the Indian railway system as moved the rains to the Middle East and the railway workshops were renovate to weapons workshops. Up until 1835 the Indian sub-continent did not have a universal currency, which is needed in a modern state. The Act of 1835 introduced India to the silver rupee, which was to be the legal tender of the sub- continent. In 1861 the paper currency act was launched, this Act enabled the government to issue paper notes, this followed the English currency principle, that there must be a full metallic reserve above a certain amount (Desai: 1969: 226). The circulation of this tender began to grow slowly when confidence developed and there was more education (Desai: 1969: 227). Banking in the sub- continent can be seen in two dimensions, the formal and informal sector. Roy (2000) puts forward the idea that the formal sector of the banking industry four constituents, the exchange banks, joint stock banks, presidency banks and the cooperate credit societies. The informal sector were not legally accepted as banks, however they dealt with credit transactions in agriculture and small-scale indust ry in the forms of loans given to by employers or merchants to actual producers against work in progress (Roy: 2000: 202). The modern bank system stabilized the sub- continent however there were still failures in the system, from 1913 to 1925 almost 180 banks collapsed, this according to Desai (1969) was due to inexperience, incompetence and even fraud (Desai: 1969: 241). The British did not introduce the education to India; nonetheless they did promote education heavily amounts the population. By the beginning of the 19th century the British made English he official business language of the sub- continent. According to Sanne (2003) the British wanted people in India to be English in mind, but with Indian bodies (Sanne: 2003: 12) and gave assistance to a more extended and systematic promotion of general education (Lyer: 2004: 14). According to Roy (2002) British investment played a major role in shaping the education system in India. By the end of 1901 there were approximately 14,000 colleges in India, there were a few universities in Mumbi, Kolkata and Madras. Sanne (2003) continues to suggest that British education in the sub- continent create a vast amount of highly educated elite as well as a huge amount of semi educated, low paid, English speaking subordinate (Sanne: 2003: 12). The telegraph was also something that that British introduced to the sub- continent that indirectly shaped its economy at the time and in the post- colonial period. Roy (2000) states that the telegraph was a vital military tool in the rebellions and wars of annexation (Roy: 2000: 268), and by the mid 1900s there was rapid growth in the telegraph industry, from 0.38 million Rs in 1858 to 26.34 million Rs in 1921. Roy (2000) also claims that the British united the Postal service in the sub-continent in the wake of migration and money orders. One could hardly live without the other (Roy: 2000: 267). Roy (2000) continues and states that there was a basic postal service in India in the pre-colonial periods however it really took off when post offices were opened in semi rural areas. The postal service and the telegraph created jobs for many semi educated indigenous people in India and also bridged the gap of communication in the huge country. British colonization of India also changed the legal structure of the sub- continent. According to Cohn (1961) pre- colonial India did not have one legal system but multiple systemswhich differed from place to place (Cohn: 1961: 614). They had the Mogul law and the Hindu law to follow, however British colonization of India unified the legal system of the sub- continent and established civil courts in 1818. Over all during the British colonization of the Indian sub-continent they contributed to the economy in many ways. They set up a currency system, which was still in place in India up until recently. Introduced the sub- continent to the telegraph system, which connected the country to the rest of the world. It reformed the Indian agrarian society, increased trade through the improvements in the infrastructure. The railways, that British started build nearly 1750 years ago, have now grown into the largest railway system in the world under a single management in the world. Colonialism also commercialized the Indian economy and was an agent for modernization, for a feudal society. These contributions cannot be ignored. When India gained its independence from the British in 1947, it had the basic interments for economic growth in place. Chapter Three, Developing economy after Independence Research question: What was the Indian economy like after independence? After India gained its independence from British colonialism in 1947, its economy was stagnant compared their fellow Commonwealth counterparts such as Malaysia who experienced an increase in their GDP growth post British Colonialism. Amartya Sen claims that many estimates suggest that a sizable economic decline took place during the last decades of British rule (Basu, Sisson: 1986: 28). Following Indias Independence the first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru followed an economic policy of Fabian socialism and self-reliance. Under Nehrus leadership The Planning Commission was set up to guide the newly independent Indian economy to follow the semi socialist economic model. The commission was set up to increase living standards of Indians through using Indian resources, boost production and enhance employment. However these policies had an adverse affect on the economy because they hindered international trade, constructed inefficient industries and it saturated the private secto r and economy with regulations and red tape. British colonization left India with some resources to modernization, according to Williamson (2006) it had the oldest capitalist institutions in Asia, such as the stock exchange. Post- colonial India had a contradictory economy; it had the institutions in place that should have on paper made it a strong economic system in Asia. It had manufacturing industry although it was very weak. It had a railway industry that was one of the largest in Asia, however in was in disrepair. The Indias economy was had many burdens that stagnated the economy and hindered its growth. Along with the independence of India came the partition of the sub- continent, which according to Rothermund (1986) was a reason for the troubled economy of the time. The national planning commission of India wanted to kick start the economic growth of the country and came up with the Five Year Plans. These plans were guidelines to stimulate economic activity within the existing economic and social frameworks (Epstein: 1973: 243). The first Five Year plan was launched in 1951 by Professor Mahalanobis who embraced the Soviet two sector model, and desired to invest 35 billion rupees: 20 billion rupees into the public sector and 15 into the public (Rothermund: 1986: 133) with an intention of increasing national income by 11%. By 1956 India had invested 31 billion rupees into the two industries and exceed national income more than 11% set by the Plan. Throughout this period Indias industry grew at an average rate of 4.1% however the economy went into decline through th