Merger Negotiations between Boeing and Airbus Company

Merger Negotiations between Boeing and Airbus Company Introduction Mergers refer to business associations that involve two or more companies amalgamating to form a single business entity. Through mergers, companies can achieve greater levels of efficiency through exploitation of benefits that are associated with economies of scale as well as enabling the company to exploit new markets and freeze out competition from other firms in the same industry.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Merger Negotiations between Boeing and Airbus Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, Airbus, an aircraft manufacturing company based in France and Boeing, a US based aerospace company which is one of the largest in the world are interested in forming a merger. Through this business association, the two companies would reap benefits associated with economies of scale such as increased overall output and diversified markets which would consequently increasing profitabili ty and investment of the new entity. The new company would also gain from the popularity of the two companies in Europe, America and Asia hence marketing its services will be much easier across the world. However, careful corporate strategic negotiations are essential for the two companies to reap the benefits associated with company mergers failure to which may result in merger failure causing detrimental effects to the company. Companies should adhere to the general rules when engaging in mergers. First, both companies should hold open and extensive negotiations to ensure that the entire process promotes the interests and goals that the new entity wants to achieve. Both companies should critically analyze financial prospects and performance that allow them merge without posing the risk of future business failures. Both aerospace companies perform well financially in the industry and the merger is likely to succeed without risk of bankruptcy. Both companies should uphold trustworth iness to ensure credibility of the process especially through presentation of accurate financial records and other records required to justify the merger. Evaluating merger prospects In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the merger, Boeing company board of directors should appoint a special negotiation committee that is charged with the responsibility of evaluating and justifying the merger. The committee should be comprised of experienced and high integrity board members who should negotiate the terms of the merger with the team from Airbus Company.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The committee members and negotiators should ensure that the negotiation process yields the required results through identification and addressing the fundamental goals on the onset of the process in order to highlight the key issues relevant for the successful accomplishmen t of the merger (Kimathi Kimathi, 2010). The committee should seek expert assistance from competent advisors in addressing the key and major issues such as profitability and future projections of Airbus. These experts provide guidelines on complex issues such as financial evaluation, design and implementation of the merger as well as legal and taxation regulations (Kimathi Kimathi, 2009). Failure to consult experts on various fields may result to lack of credibility as well as biased and uninformed decision making by the Boeing negotiating committee. These members should be appointed in such a way that they do not portray any elements of conflict of interest to ensures that the committee decision is based on the corporate merits of the associations and not merely from external influences geared towards personal gain (Kimathi Kimathi, 2010). If an individual has potential gains from the business association between Boeing and Airbus, he should not be appointed as a negotiating mem ber since his decision may be biased. The committee should also assess the suitability of the deal by reviewing financial records of Airbus, management depth and succession, business plans and projections among other important information in order to make the decision as to appropriateness of the merger (Kimathi Kimathi, 2010). It should keep proper and accurate records for references during the process and should remain focused to the accomplishment of their task which striking the best financial deal with Airbus.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Merger Negotiations between Boeing and Airbus Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Once the merger between Airbus and Boeing has been justified, extensive financial analysis of Airbus Company must be conducted. Through this process, problems may be detected that eliminates the company from further consideration of the merger. However, problems that can easily be rectified should not hinder the commencement of the process (Madura, 2006). Mergers often require a lot of money to finance since they may involve one firm purchasing the existing stock of another (Madura, 2010) hence the Boeing should assess whether it has available resources to finance the merger in order to go ahead with negotiations. Boeing Company and Air bus merger is justified on the grounds that both companies are in the same industry and dominate in terms of profitability. Merging the two companies would link the American and the European market as well creating the incentive to exploit the world market at large. It would also lead to increased profitability of the new establishment hence availing resources for investment and innovations in the aerospace industry. Process of Negotiating a Merger In order to negotiate effectively, I would ensure I have done adequate research on Airbus Company before hand. Collection and evaluation of information that is important in the n egotiation process as well as devising a defensive plan to protect sensitive information that may be required by Airbus Company but the company may not be legally required to submit it (James, 2007). The company should set realistic expectations from the merger to enable the negotiators insist on the company’s aspirations during negotiations and continually reassess them as new information from Boeing company is obtained through out the negotiating process (James, 2007). The negotiator should take control of the bidding process to ensure that the Boeing Company achieves the best realistic deal. As the lead negotiator I would ensure sustained credibility throughout the negotiation process (James, 2007). When a negotiator proposes a position he should be objective and should support himself with the appropriate rationales. He should also act within limits of time which have been reasonably set by both companies by avoiding wastage of time from the onset of negotiation process.A dvertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The negotiator should also be aggressive and upon determination that the deal is appropriate he should see to it that the merger is signed. He should actively participate in drafting of the contract to ensure that the interests of Boeing that negative issues do not crop up before the deal is concluded (James, 2007). As a negotiator, I would strongly uphold the values of Boeing Company. However I would also ensure that I am flexible such that I can accommodate values of Airbus Company. Factors that Hinder Effective Negotiations However, there are various issues that may render the negotiation process unsuccessful such as unreasonable preconditions whereby if the two CEOs cannot agree on division of power in the integrated business (James, 2007), Strategic leaks may destroys trusts among Boeing and Airbus and delay tactics employed by either of the companies to delay the process for calculated purposes. In addition, companies may use musical chairs whereby the negotiators are constant ly substituted leading to overall derailment of the process (James, 2007) Conclusion Merging business is a complex process that requires careful considerations by the companies involved. This is because it involves restructuring of various departments of both companies to fit the strategic plan of the new entity. In the event that Boeing and Air bus companies decide to merge, it is important for the two aerospace companies to follow the necessary procedure to asses the suitability of the merger to ensure its success. Reference List James, G. (2007). James Freund, ten rules of mergers and acquisitions bargaining, CBS Interactive. Web. James, G. (2007). Four common deal killers, CBS interactive. Web. Kimathi Kimathi, Corporate attorneys, (2009). Seven top strategies for negotiating a merger and acquisition transaction. Worldwide legal directories. Web. Madura, J. (2006). Introduction to business, New York: Cengage learning.

The History of the Kaleidoscope and David Brewster

The History of the Kaleidoscope and David Brewster The kaleidoscope was invented in 1816 by Scottish scientist, Sir David Brewster (1781–1868), a mathematician and physicist noted for his various contributions to the field of optics.  He patented it in 1817 (GB 4136), but thousands of unauthorized copycats were constructed and sold, resulting in Brewster receiving little financial benefits from his most famous invention. Sir David Brewsters Invention Brewster named his invention after the Greek words kalos (beautiful), eidos  (form), and scopos  (watcher). So kaleidoscope roughly translates to beautiful form watcher. Brewsters kaleidoscope was a tube containing loose pieces of colored glass and other pretty objects, reflected by mirrors or glass lenses set at angles, that created patterns when viewed through the end of the tube. Charles Bushs Improvements In the early 1870s, Charles Bush, a Prussian native living in Massachusetts, improved upon the kaleidoscope and started the kaleidoscope fad. Charles Bush was granted patents in 1873 and 1874 related to improvements in kaleidoscopes, kaleidoscope boxes, objects for kaleidoscopes (US 143,271), and kaleidoscope stands. Charles Bush was the first person to mass manufacture his parlor kaleidoscope in America. His kaleidoscopes were distinguished by the use of liquid-filled glass ampules to create even more visually stunning effects. How Kaleidoscopes Work The kaleidoscope creates reflections of a direct view of the objects at the end of a tube, through the use of angled mirrors set at the end; as the user rotates the tube, the mirrors create new patterns. The image will be symmetrical if the mirror angle is an even divider of 360 degrees. A mirror set at 60 degrees will generate a pattern of six regular sectors. A mirror angle at 45 degrees will make eight equal sectors, and an angle of 30 degrees will make twelve. The lines and colors of simple shapes are multiplied by the mirrors into a visually stimulating vortex.

Appropriatness of alternative methodologies for different Essay

Appropriatness of alternative methodologies for different organizational configurations - Essay Example These sub-systems are an interrelated set of activities which are executed to meet the goals of the organisation (Luthans 1985, p. 22). Hicks and Gullet (1975 p. 14) defines an organisation as a specific design of structure, people, duties and procedures. Structure explains the form of departments, the pecking order and committees. The structure influences the organisations competence and effectiveness. People refer to the abilities, attitudes and social relations of the employees of the organisation. Duties or tasks refer to the goals of the employees and the organisation. Procedures refer to the methodical approach used to perform tasks. Organisational structure thus refers to the institutional arrangements and mechanisms for mobilizing resources i.e. physical, financial, information and human resources at all levels of the organization. Organisation has been defined differently by numerous people. However, all definitions generally contain these five common features: Change can be said to be situations and events that occur in an organisation that have an effect in the way it operates (Huse and Bowditch 1973, p. 57). The effects can be positive or negative. There is need for organisations to embrace changes so that they can stay ahead of their competition. Several factors may necessitate change but this will be discussed later on in the paper. The phrase â€Å"organisational change† is about a major change in the organisation which might include issues like reorganization or adding up a new product or service (Gortner, Mahler and Nicholson 1987, p. 63). This is in contrast to smaller changes such as implementing a new computer procedure. Organisational change can look like such a vague occurrence but it is helpful especially if you can think of change in terms of a variety of dimensions. Organisations that offer services, either large or small scale, often view taking risks as the core of their business. True to

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Art - Essay Example aphs are used as models to create these paintings, followed by Gerhard Richter’s Photorealism and Over-painted Photographs; who also uses photographs as a major tool for his artistic practice. I will be exploring how a photograph is utilized through out the painting process, and the way it reflects on the painter’s emotional and intellectual aspects . The investigation of both painters will be carried out by looking at these paintings through the French literary theorist and philosopher Ronald Barthes lens, in which he mainly demonstrates in Camera Lucida. My analysis is based on his perception of the nature and essence of photography theories,along with an analysis of portraiture from a philosophical perspective by Professor and Chair Cynthia Freeland in her essayPortraits in Painting and Photography. Both investigations carryout Barthes essential ‘air’whichwill show how this concept of ‘air’ can be used to understand how both artists use photography as a source material.   I argue that a painter who uses photographs as an aiding tool to his/her creative painting practicesfinds the literalprecise reality through their mechanical accurate depiction of the real, yet finds them lacking the essence or ‘air’. This essence will become visible inthe final piece by the collaboration of both the accurate mechanical reality mean of expressiveness (the photograph) with the physical translation of the emotional and intellectual experiences by the human hand. With all the new introductions to new materials and techniques and with the enormous evolvement of digital technology in creating art, more inspirational experiences along with an infinite number of inventive traditional and digital techniques allowed artists to intrigue their motives and intentions in unlimited possible directions. In this regard, I will be exploring how has been utilized by contemporary painters to become part of their artistic experience in the 20th and the 21st century, which

Socialism in Russia Essay Example for Free

Socialism in Russia Essay Socialism has its origins in the French Revolution of 1789 and the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, although it has precedents in earlier movements and ideas. The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 just before the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe, expressing what they termed scientific socialism. In the last third of the 19th century in Europe social democratic parties arose in Europe drawing mainly from Marxism. The Australian Labor Party was the worlds first elected socialist party. In 1903, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party began to split on ideological and organizational questions into Bolshevik (Majority) and Menshevik (Minority) factions, with Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin leading the more radical Bolsheviks. Both wings accepted that Russia was an economically backward country unripe for socialism. The Mensheviks awaited the capitalist revolution in Russia. But Lenin argued that a revolution of the workers and peasants would achieve this task. After the Russian revolution of 1905, Leon Trotsky argued that unlike the French revolution of 1789 and the European Revolutions of 1848 against absolutism, the capitalist class would never organize a revolution in Russia to overthrow absolutism, and that this task fell to the working class who, liberating the peasantry from their feudal yoke, would then immediately pass on to the socialist tasks and seek a permanent revolution to achieve international socialism. Nationalist tried to create regional self-government for the Assyrian people with the socialist ideology. He even wrote the Uremia Manifesto of the United Free Assyria. However, his attempt was put to an end

The Minimum Wage Should Not Be Increased :: Argumentative Essay, Minimum Wage Essays

â€Å"An increase in the minimum wage will boost income for the poorest workers without the danger of creating more unemployment.†, stated President Obama in September 2014. Is this statement about an increase in minimum wage really true? There are two sides to the debate about minimum wage. The minimum wage is a major issue in the world of economics and politics. Political figures often prey on the public’s general ignorance of economics and promise to increase the minimum wage. Economists, on the other hand, view the long term effects and see the damage it can cause. David Card and Alan Kruegur, two economists at Princeton University conducted a study on New Jersey’s 18% minimum wage increase. They looked the impact on the New Jersey economy and compared the results to the state of Pennsylvania which did not make any change in the minimum wage during the period of the study.. David Card and Alan Kruegur measured the change in employment in New Jersey’s fast–food restaurants between February and December that year. Card and Kruegur found that the number of jobs grew in restaurants where pay had to rise, compared with those already paying more than minimum was and compared with restaurants in neighboring Pennsylvania, where the minimum did not change. The study also found no difference between high- and low- wage states. Most people would be delighted to here the above. They would receive more money and their standard of living would increase. But most people do not take into account the negative side effects of increasing the minimum wage. The survey taken by Card and Kruegur was done over the telephone. Fellow economists charge that the questions were vague and errors crept into the numbers. Another study was done using the businesses payrolls found that New Jersey fared far worse than Pennsylvania. Positive effects of the minimum wage can be the obvious; more money for people. They would have more money to spend , the economy would boom and everyone would be happy. Not so; in fact, this would only encourage inflation and increase prices. Money become lesser in value and producers would have no choice but to raise prices in order to make profit. Another negative aspect of raising the minimum wage is unemployment rising. Supply of workers would exceed the demand for workers.

Wikileaks – Is America being imprisoned by free speech?

Julian Assange, founder of whistle-blowing global organisation Wikileaks, is accused of ‘threatening America with the cyber equivalent of thermonuclear war’ by publishing government documents online with louring intent. These leaks contain eight of the biggest leaks in history. Some of which include lists of members from racist political parties, and Afghan war logs. Exposing the transgressions of the powerful is a lasting and honourable tradition, often the primary purpose of free press. However, many of the ‘life endangering’ leaks that are being sited as due cause for prosecution are insignificant and of the ‘Did you know the Pope is a Catholic? ’ variety and have yet to prove that they pose any manner of threat to civilians of military operations and national security. As many citizens of the US desire transparency, elected officials of public servants and services have no defence for continuing to guard its information from public scrutiny. Transparency promotes accountability and reduces government corruption and in extreme cases military dictatorship as it often allows citizens of a democracy to have degree of control over their own government. With little transparency there are fewer opportunities for political influence between elections. Citizens can only elect accordingly and for governments to withhold any relevant information would manipulate the voting system. Therefore Assange opened America’s government on behalf of its citizens revealing government deceptions and political domination to promote a participative democracy and improve the overall quality of decision making for the country. However, for a democracy to exist it requires constant vigilance of the people and their representatives. These leaks were published in violation of the US law and without authorization. This unprocessed information was released without context leaving it exposed to misrepresentation. Assange has aided terrorist organizations such as Al Qaeda largely by given them the â€Å"gift† of diplomatic cables in thousands. The threat of this is that they are exposing the weaknesses within countries governments and security making them subject to ‘easy’ terrorism. Such negligence at the scale of the World Wide Web could significantly endanger the lives of US citizens. Assange’s defence for this not being his intention is contradicted however. Whilst leaking information from America, Australia, and the UK; he is not leaking information from countries such as North Korea, Iran, Russian or even China. This alludes to Assange targeting particular governments and whilst he cannot be tried for treason, should he be tried for terrorism? Despite this, American’s have no constructional right to privacy therefore free speech tends to trump privacy. As both are fundamental rights, they cannot be protected when in conflict. Naturally the governments are in favour of privacy to prevent the misdeeds of their past being exposed. For example, there is a leak that states George Bush, in building a case for war against Iraq falsely claimed than Iraq where attempting to purchase Yellowcake (a chemical used in fuel for nuclear reactors) from Africa. Frankly this is not true. Another leak exposes that America has killed five times the number of civilians killed on 9/11. This ultimately contributed to the increased number of Jihadists. To outlaw Wikileaks would be ironic in a democracy as it would restrict freedom of speech and people’s right to communicate their opinions and ideas. It is argued that the leaks provide no threatening data to the public, rather their governments. With thanks to Assange, citizens of America are now aware of polices their government are perusing, polices that place the people at immense risk. Wikileaks is an act journalism and Assange is a journalist therefore Assange and his organization should have the right to freedom of press without exploiting the media. Thus the real threat does not lie with the citizens, but rather the fundamental right to free speech and press and whether as a result of Wikileaks, it will be limited. Though, is it possible that Assange’s right to freedom of press when leaking could negatively affect America in war? Could it have caused more people in the Middle East to enlist with local armed forces? Information in leaks has the potential to destroy their relationships with other countries even if they are not allies. Other countries may now be reluctant to share information with America in fear of it being leaked. This on top of America’s desire from transparency could ultimately strip the government of even more power exposing them to even more threats. George Bush once said â€Å"If you have nothing to hide, you have nothing to fear† As of yet no deaths have been directly attributed to the leaks initiating in 2006. Bradley Manning – a soldier of the American army, has accepted 10/22 charges against him. When in court Manning stated that he will plead guilty to sending documents to Wikileaks in violation of the US military regulations, but denies â€Å"aiding the enemy† and may still be prosecuted. It is expected that manning will receive a 20 year sentence and dishonourable discharge. Why is Manning being tried so hard? Is it to make an example, to remind us of the consequences when exposing those is control? To conclude, I have outlined that as few leaks have the potential to risk lives; many more have little significance in this respect. Both privacy and freedom of speech cannot be protected when in conflict. However, in a case of democracy freedom of speech should outweigh privacy greatly. Citizens have a right to be aware of their governments and without this awareness democracy cannot exist. But, in doing this do they have the right to disregard the privacy of others?

Is College Debt To Much Essay

Everyone who wants to go to college is often faced with the same fact, how will I pay? Students often go with the options of taking loans, after much consideration and research, research sometimes based on essays written by authors. Even though Carey and Wilson both address the debt college could put someone in. Wilson provides a more convincing argument due to the fact that he gives more information on statistics of student loans, more information about loans, and an unbiased opinion. Before you make a big decision you should always know the risks and benefits. One way to ensure you make a good decision is, if possible look at statistics. In the essays â€Å"Why Do You Think They’re Called For- Profit Colleges?† by Kevin Carey and â€Å"A Lifetime Of Student Debt? Not Likely† by Robin Wilson they both take different approaches to using statistics about student loan debt in their writing. Carey does not use any statistics making his article harder to understand a nd his material credibility questionable. Carey states that, â€Å"The University Of Phoenix is on pace to reap $4 billion from federal loans† (Carey 216). This is one of the only times in his article Carey mentions how much colleges make from loans. He then says â€Å"Unfortunately, a large and growing number of graduates of for-profit colleges are having trouble paying those loans back† (Carey 216). Although Carey says it’s a large number of graduates that have trouble paying loans back he does not show any statistics to confirm it, which makes his information questionable. On the other hand Wilson uses an abundance of statistics in his article which makes the article easy to understand and a trustworthy source. According to Wilson, â€Å"Of the 65 percent who face debt, the average they owe is around $20,00† Andrews 2 (Wilson 257). Wilson also gives statistics on the amount of debt difference between undergraduate and graduate degrees, and public and private schools  graduates. Just the uses of Wilsons statistics makes me realize that debt is a manageable and wouldn’t overwhelm my life. The next point that really set these two essays apart was the amount of information given about loans. In Carey’s article he gives very little information about loans in general. He really just implies that student’s taking large loans are what are making for-profit colleges so profitable. He fails to give us information about why loans are needed, and what loans allow people to do. Unlike Wilson who again gives us plenty of material to see the pros and cons of loans. Wilson covers topics like interest rates, and borrowing risks. He also includes stories from people’s real life describing their personal success and struggles with student debt. These personal stories really helped me connect with Wilson’s article and understand the pros of taking loans. The last point that set these essays apart was the amount of bias in the articles. I felt Carey’s article was extremely biased towards one man named Michal Clifford. It shows Clifford as almost a monster. Carey says, â€Å"Entrepreneurs like Clifford, meanwhile, have been snapping up dying nonprofit colleges and quickly turning them into money making machines† (Carey 216). I on the other hand do not think its Clifford fault. He is just doing his job, and it seems he’s doing a very good job at it. One way or another the student has to pay for college and it’s going to be fairly expensive in this day and age, and I feel like Carey is just trying to put the blame on someone. Although Wilson acknowledges that there are some problems with students loans and some people will have a difficult time paying them back, I think he wrote a very fair and unbiased essay. Andrews 3 There are always two sides to every story and multiple ways of looking at things, as shown in these two essays both discussing student loan debt. Although these essays both challenged my mind and gave me new insight on student loan debt, I thought Wilsons essay was much more to the point. Also he included so much more in depth information that made the article interesting ,knowledgeable, and meaningful.

Free Essays on The Last Friend I Would Have Ever Expected

I was not a big fan of dogs after a chow bit me when I was six years old. Ever since then I have somewhat been afraid of all dogs until I met Rose. Rose is an English bulldog. Bulldogs do not look like they would be the nicest dogs out there and when I walked into my girlfriend’s house for the first time I was petrified of this bulldog. I felt as scared a mouse with no legs that is trying to get away from a cat. When Rose took off sprinting as if she were a lion after a gazelle, thought that I was going to be eaten alive. Much to my surprise instead of eating me alive she jumped onto me knocking me down and began to lick my face profusely, it felt like I was being drowned in a pool of dog slobber. When Rose finally decided to let me get up my girlfriend, her dad and her step mom were all horse laughing at me. All I could hear was, â€Å"Did you see his face, that is the most scared I have ever seen anyone, that is so funny.† Needless to say Rose and I set it of f to a pretty close relationship. Over the past few months I have gotten to know Rose quite well. Rose is an extremely loving dog, a very active dog, and a very paranoid dog. Rose showed me that dogs can be loving animals and she helped me get over my fear of dogs. My girlfriend told me that Rose is usually not fond of anyone at first and it usually takes her a long time to get used to them. It surprised everyone that Rose and I had such a close bond the first time I met her. Every time I walk in to the front door, somehow Rose knows it is me and like our first meeting she charges at me but over time I have found ways to trick her. As soon as I get there I usually end up taking Rose outside and play with her for at least half an hour if not more. Rose shows me love that no human can ever give. Every human has times where they want to be left alone and are at least a little unfriendly, but for Rose that is never true. Rose will always be willing to go outside a... Free Essays on The Last Friend I Would Have Ever Expected Free Essays on The Last Friend I Would Have Ever Expected I was not a big fan of dogs after a chow bit me when I was six years old. Ever since then I have somewhat been afraid of all dogs until I met Rose. Rose is an English bulldog. Bulldogs do not look like they would be the nicest dogs out there and when I walked into my girlfriend’s house for the first time I was petrified of this bulldog. I felt as scared a mouse with no legs that is trying to get away from a cat. When Rose took off sprinting as if she were a lion after a gazelle, thought that I was going to be eaten alive. Much to my surprise instead of eating me alive she jumped onto me knocking me down and began to lick my face profusely, it felt like I was being drowned in a pool of dog slobber. When Rose finally decided to let me get up my girlfriend, her dad and her step mom were all horse laughing at me. All I could hear was, â€Å"Did you see his face, that is the most scared I have ever seen anyone, that is so funny.† Needless to say Rose and I set it of f to a pretty close relationship. Over the past few months I have gotten to know Rose quite well. Rose is an extremely loving dog, a very active dog, and a very paranoid dog. Rose showed me that dogs can be loving animals and she helped me get over my fear of dogs. My girlfriend told me that Rose is usually not fond of anyone at first and it usually takes her a long time to get used to them. It surprised everyone that Rose and I had such a close bond the first time I met her. Every time I walk in to the front door, somehow Rose knows it is me and like our first meeting she charges at me but over time I have found ways to trick her. As soon as I get there I usually end up taking Rose outside and play with her for at least half an hour if not more. Rose shows me love that no human can ever give. Every human has times where they want to be left alone and are at least a little unfriendly, but for Rose that is never true. Rose will always be willing to go outside a...

How the Persian Wars Started

How the Persian Wars Started During the Archaic Age, one group of Greeks pushed another from the mainland, resulting in a sizeable Hellenic population in Ionia (now Asia Minor). Eventually, these uprooted Greeks came under the rule of the Lydians of Asia Minor. In 546, Persian monarchs replaced the Lydians. The Ionian Greeks found Persian rule oppressive and attempted to revolt- with the aid of the mainland Greeks. The Persian Wars lasted from 492-449 B.C. Ionian Greeks The Athenians considered themselves Ionian; however, the term is now used a bit differently. What we consider Ionians were the Greeks the Dorians (or descendants of Hercules) pushed off mainland Greece. Ionian Greeks, who were in contact with the civilizations to their East, including Mesopotamia and ancient Iran, made many important contributions to Greek culture- especially philosophy. Croesus of Lydia King Croesus of Lydia, a man of fabled wealth, was said to have acquired his wealth from the man with the Golden Touch- Midas, son of the man who had created the Gordian Knot. Croesus is said to have been the first foreigner to come into contact with the Greek settlers of Ionia, in Asia Minor. Misinterpreting an oracle, he lost his kingdom to Persia. The Greeks chafed under Persian rule and reacted. The Persian Empire King Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered the Lydians and put King Croesus to death.* By acquiring Lydia, Cyrus was now king of the Ionian Greeks. The Greeks objected to the strains the Persians put on them, including the draft, heavy tribute, and interference in local government. A Greek tyrant of Miletus, Aristagoras, first tried to ingratiate himself with the Persians and then led a revolt against them. The Persian War The Ionian Greeks sought and received military help from mainland Greece, but once the more distant Greeks came to the attention of the African and Asian empire-building Persians, the Persians sought to annex them, too. With many more men and a despotic government going for the Persian side, it looked like a one-sided fight. King Darius of Persia Darius ruled the Persian Empire from 521-486. Going east, he conquered part of the Indian Subcontinent and attacked tribes of the Steppe, like the Scythians, but never conquered them. Nor was Darius able to conquer the Greeks. Instead, he suffered a defeat in the Battle of Marathon. This was very important for the Greeks, although fairly minor for Darius. Xerxes, the King of Persia A son of Darius, Xerxes, was more aggressive in his empire building. To avenge his fathers defeat at Marathon, he led an army of about 150,000 men and a 600-ship navy into Greece, defeating the Greeks at Thermopylae. Xerxes destroyed much of Athens, from which most of the people had fled, gathering together with other Greeks at Salamis to face their enemy. Then Xerxes suffered defeat in the battle off the island of Salamis. He left Greece, but his general Mardonius remained, only to be defeated at Plataea. Herodotus Herodotus History, a celebration of the Greek victory over the Persians, was written in the mid-fifth century B.C. Herodotus wanted to present as much information about the Persian War as he could. What sometimes reads like a travelogue, includes information on the entire Persian Empire, and simultaneously explains the origins of the conflict with references to mythological prehistory. The Delian League After an Athenian-led Greek victory over the Persians at the Battle of Salamis, in 478, Athens was put in charge of a protection alliance with the Ionian cities. The treasury was at Delos; hence the name for the alliance. Soon the leadership of Athens became oppressive, although, in one form or another, the Delian League survived until the victory of Philip of Macedonia over the Greeks at the Battle of Chaeronea. *For conflicting accounts of the death of Croesus, see: What Happened to Croesus? by J. A. S. Evans. The Classical Journal, Vol. 74, No. 1. (Oct. - Nov. 1978), pp. 34-40. Sources A History of the Ancient World, by Chester StarrThe Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, by Donald KaganPlutarchs Life of Pericles, by H. Hold

Launch of P&G InsecKill Insecticide in the UK Essay

Launch of P&G InsecKill Insecticide in the UK - Essay Example Nonetheless, P&G intends to launch and market a new product in the United Kingdom, which it is manufacturing for the first time. P&G is a popular brand in the country for its high innovativeness, and a strategic position there, therefore, this is expected that â€Å"InsecKill† will receive a good reception. A research has been conducted on the target segment. This has mainly based on the information on consumer demographic distribution and spending behavior in the UK from the company, with regard to its other products sale in the UK market. Different strategies have been identified about how information about â€Å"InsecKill† will be disseminated in the target market. Direct marketing, public relations, sales promotion, and advertising are combined in to a single marketing mix to achieve this. Finally, reviews have been conducted on the customer, market, internal and external contexts. In addition, the objectives, strategies, and budget of this marketing plan have been outlined and are discussed. Furthermore, different tactics to ensure successful business experience in the UK have been identified, basing on the consumer research findings. Nonetheless, P&G will assess and review its marketing activities time to time, with regard to changing consumer behavior, for better results. Introduction Procter & Gamble (P&G) Company is a popular multinational company specializing in consumer goods. It produces a wide range of products, including household products, personal care products, cleaning agents, pet foods, among others. This company is highly innovative, thus the wide variety of products. In addition, P&G is known to develop new products in the market at a higher rate, compared to other companies. Overall, P&G is a high performer in the market, registering high profits each year (P&G 2012). P&G values its customers, and develops products that suit their needs. This is the reason for the wide range of brands the company produces. Market research is a crucial aspect for this company, as it is through this that the company identifies the needs of its customers (Rehtmeyer 2010). P&G has been successful in the consumer goods market. In this essay, it is assumed that P&G has developed a new product, which it needs to introduce in the United Kingdom (UK). This is a n insecticide named â€Å"InsecKill,† which is meant for household use to kill stubborn and harmful insects in homes. P&G